Plurals of nouns
Most nouns make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end (e.g. cat/cats, book/books, journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though. The main types of noun that do this are:Nouns ending in -y
If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies:
singular
plural
berry
berries
activity
activities
daisy
daisies
Nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z
If the noun ends with -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es to form the plural:
singular
plural
church
churches
bus
buses
fox
foxes
There’s one exception to this rule. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ sound, you add -s rather than -es:
singular
plural
stomach
stomachs
epoch
epochs
Nouns ending in -f or -fe
With nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -f or -fe, change the -f or -fe to -ves:
singular
plural
knife
knives
half
halves
Nouns ending in -o
Nouns ending in -o can add either -s or -es in the plural, and some can be spelled either way.
[*]As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:
singular
plural
solo
solos
zero
zeros
avocado
avocados
[*]Those which have a vowel before the final -o always just add -s:
singular
plural
studio
studios
zoo
zoos
embryo
embryos
[*]Here’s a list of the most common nouns ending in -o that are always spelled with -es in the plural:
singular
plural
buffalo
buffaloes
domino
dominoes
echo
echoes
embargo
embargoes
hero
heroes
mosquito
mosquitoes
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
torpedo
torpedoes
veto
vetoes
[*]Here are some of the common nouns ending in -o that can be spelled with either -s or -es in the plural:
singular
plural
banjo
banjos or banjoes
cargo
cargos or cargoes
flamingo
flamingos or flamingoes
fresco
frescos or frescoes
ghetto
ghettos or ghettoes
halo
halos or haloes
mango
mangos or mangoes
memento
mementos or mementoes
motto
mottos or mottoes
tornado
tornados or tornadoes
volcano
volcanos or volcanoes
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