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标题: 新课标下培养初中英语写作能力之我见 [打印本页]

作者: 湖州新世纪学校    时间: 2012-5-12 18:52
标题: 新课标下培养初中英语写作能力之我见
摘 要:在英语教学中,写作是“四会”中的一项重要技能,近几年中考对写作的要求呈逐步提高的趋势。而学生普遍在写作能力上有明显的不足,所以老师在平时的教学中,应各方面加强训练,抓基础,重训练,多鼓励,多指导,踏踏实实地提高学生的写作能力。
关键词:重视基础 专项训练 充分运用现代教育 精批细改 科学指导

随着英语新课程标准的实施,对初中英语教学提出了更高的要求,即在重视听、说、读、写能力培养的同时,更加重视写作能力的培养。《中学英语教学大纲》明确指出中考的写作权重逐年增加,在写作方面要求学生“能根据提示,在限定的时间内写出80100单词的短文,意思表达正确,基本语法和常用句型无严重错误;能写简单的书信、便条和通知。”因此,我们必须在对学生进行听、说、读、训练的基础上,力争对学生进行写的训练,使学生的听、说、读、写能力同时提高,但目前学生在写作能力上有明显的不足。
首先,学生书写前审题不仔细,不构思、不组织,想到什么就写什么,乱写一通,整篇短文没有合理的安排,缺乏严谨性、合理性。
    其次,学生的书写不规范,句子之间的标点符号、单词之间的空格、字母的大小写等最基本的知识都因忽略而失分,当然这是非常可惜的。
然后,学生普遍基础不扎实,基本词汇、基本句型掌握不好,写作过程中对句子结构或语法知识缺少考虑,错误百出。例如:one day morning    on his way to home     He teached my sister English.
最后,学生把握不好中心大意。短文内容组织散乱,多余的话多,中心大意把握不好,不能突出整篇短文的主题。
针对以上不足,在平时的教学中,我尝试着从以下几方面着手去提高学生的写作能力,使学生的写作水平真正得到提高。
—、重抓基础,多方面训练。
1、每日一练,循序渐进。
从初一下学期开始,我就在每节课的最初5分钟定了一个Free Talk。起初,我要求学生用已掌握的知识自编对话,两人一组、三人一组等,例如:“What’s your name?How old are you ? Where are you from?What does your father do ?When do you get up ?How do you go to school ?What’s your favourite sport ?”…使学生逐渐从习惯听到习惯说,并逐渐开始学习写,这样也让学生感到英语不再停留在课本上,而是来到了我们学习生活中间,提高了学生的学习兴趣。
从初二开始,我改变了Free Talk的内容,每天按座位轮流,形式可以是一人表演后向全班提问;两人表演后互相问答;三人或三人以上表演对话等。内容包括谈论天气、班级出勤、班级活动、学习生活、个人爱好、家庭情况等。这些内容很多是课文内容中涉及到的,只是通过汇报的形式使学生联系自己的生活实际,学会应用。这样又使学生从习惯听到习惯说到习惯写,因为学生的汇报内容都要课前写好,并记忆在脑子里的。
2、加强词汇、句型操练。
词汇教学是基础,在平时,我坚持听写、默写,提高单词的复现率,加强记忆,使每个学生都能熟练掌握基本词汇的中文和拼写。句型教学是关键,在教学中,我一般通过简单、直观的句型教学,再经过从机械模仿到有意义的反复操练,使学生最终达到脱口而出的程度。每课一小听写,每单元一大听写,每个单元的词汇、句型进行归纳总结,使学生一目了然,一看就知道重点是什么、该记什么。
二、规范写作,专项训练。
初中英语写作体裁归纳起来就是下列几种:
1、记叙文:这是最普遍、最基本的一种文体。主要以短文形式表达,在每次练习时,我要求学生抓住以下四点:(1)、交代要素,即时间、地点、人物和事情(when/ where/ who / what)。(2)、按事情发生的先后顺序叙述完整、具体。(3)、要重点突出,目的明确。(4)、记叙文所记的是过去的事,原则上通常用过去时态写。
2、应用文:此形式主要以书信、日记、贺卡、留言条、请假条等形式表达,处理应用文时,应注意他们的格式。                                                                                   
1)书信:英文书信从信封到正文,其格式与汉语都不一样,尤其要让学生了解并熟知他们之间的区别。
A、              信头:寄信人地址和写信日期,写在信纸右上角,地址由小到大。如:
15 Wensan Road
Hang Zhou ,310012
Zhejiang , China
December 5th , 2003                  (见初二英语下册Lesson 42
B、 信封:寄信人地址,写在信封左上角,由小到大,若信内已写明亦可不写。收信人地址写在右偏下角,由小地大。
2)日记:记录自己当天生活中经历的有意义的事以及见闻或感受。通常用第一人称写。如:
Friday June 21st , 2003              Fine
There were no classes               (见初二英语下册Lesson 78
3)贺卡:在我们日常生活中,贺卡是最常用的一种祝贺方式。如:
To Uncle Tony and Aunt Mary ,
Merry Christmas and
A Happy New Year !
with love from Sam (见初二英语上册Lesson 1
4)留言条:初中阶段学到的就是Telephone Message。如:
From Mr Green        To Mr Song Jia
Date Sep .27          Time 9:12
Message He wants to see you at 8:00 tomorrow .
(见初三英语Lesson 13)
5)请假条:一般是格式简单,开门见山,三言两语。如:
June 25
Dear Mr Hu ,
I’m sorry that I can’t go to school today .I had an accident yesterday .
The doctor said that I had to rest for a few days .
          Now I’ m writing to you to ask for two days’ sick leave .
Rose Lee (见初二英语下册Lesson 104
3、看图写话:此形式是我们初中阶段最常用的题型。我要求学生写作前,一定要先看清图画大意,了解图中人物,看懂事情经过,再仔细构思,这样才能形成一个完美的故事。(看图写话时,文体可以参照记叙文,时态参照过去时。)这一体型是我平时训练的重点,我把练习中常出现的图片内容归纳为以下几种,并为每种类别归纳一些常用词汇、句型。
  1)意外事故类。
ride too fast  骑车太快   fall off the bike 从自行车上摔下来    call the police  报警  take to the hospital 把…送去医院             look over 检查        
Please be more careful next time .请下次更加小心
He didn’t see the car until it was too late .等到他看见汽车,已经来不及了。
Luckily ,he was not badly hurt .幸好他伤得不重。
He would never do it again .他不会再那样做了。
    2)环保类。
throw about  乱扔     cut down trees 砍伐树木      pour into 倾倒   
step on the grass 践踏草坪   fly away 飞走   keepclean and tidy 保持…干净、整洁    make a contribution to 为…作出贡献   protect our environment 保护环境   Taking care of our environment is our duty .关心环境是我们的责任。
3)安全教育类。
rob sb of sth  抢了某人的某物    run away 逃跑     call the police 报警           catch sb 抓住了某人    be covered with 盖着…    a knife in one’s hand 手里有刀      taketo the police station 带…去警察局
4)助人为乐类。
on one’s way to   在某人去…的路上   see sb doing sth   看见…在做某事      help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事 ask the police for help   向警察寻求帮助         be thankful to 对…很感激    say “Thank you” to sb 对…说声谢谢         say goodbye to sb   向…道别    It’s very kind of you .   你真是太好了!
Although he missed the film ,he still felt very happy .   虽然错过了电影,但是他还是觉得很高兴。
5)成语故事类。如:乌鸦喝水、守株待兔、曹冲称象、拔苗助长、乌鸦和狐狸等等。
范文:One day , it was very hot . A crow had flown for a long time and was very thirsty .He wanted to drink some water very much . Then he looked around and saw a bottle of a little water . But the mouth of the bottle was too small . He thought for a while , and came up with a good idea . He grabbed some small stones into the bottle in his mouth . Little by little , the water came up . At last he drank the water a lot . How clever the crow was !
在此阶段中,学生因受词汇量的限制,我主要训练了书信、日记和看图写画。每种形式在不同时间专门训练2-3次,用学生的实际范文评析写作时应注意的事项和避免出现的错误,指导学生如何最大限度的提高写作水平。
三、精批细改,严格订正。
1、 对学生的作文应及时进行批改和评阅。课后批改更应及时,应在学生淡忘之前批改好、讲评好。在讲评作文时,我就充分利用现代教具,如:幻灯机、实物投影仪等。让全体学生参加评阅,共同发现问题,共同解决问题。课前,对部分作文进行精批,选出3个不同水平层次的学生作文10篇,文中错误用红笔着重指出,展现给学生,让大家共同改正,相互比较,相互促进;另外,老师也可以不批改学生范文,直接展现在屏幕上,让学生帮助指出错误,进行批改。这样既可以让学生积极参与课堂,激发写作兴趣,又能使学生对所犯错误印象深刻、记忆犹新。
2、好些学生在老师评阅作文后,对作文的订正很不重视,以致于在下次碰到同样题目时,得分仍不高。基于这种情况,我平时严格要求学生订正作文。我要求学生准备好两套作业本(A本和B本),同一篇短文学生至少须写两遍。作文作业布置后,先让学生课余完成在A本上,这是学生通过自己思考、酝酿后完成的,其中肯定有不少错误,等到我批改并讲评后,再要求学生根据评阅认真订正在B本上,有些好的短文还可以让学生记在心里。这样,既有效地提高了学生的写作能力,又可以帮助学生收集写作短文,便于以后参考使用。
四、用好多媒体,提高写作能力。
电脑的广泛使用,扩大了人们的消息采集量。在教学中,为了扩大学生的视野,增加学生英语写作的课外信息量,从网上下载图片为学生提供写作素材是非常实用的一种教学方法,而且学生对这些富有时代气息的图片也十分感兴趣,写起来劲头十足。如:关于伊拉克战争的一些图片,关于SARS的一些图片,关于人民英雄杨立伟事迹的一些图片等。当然,写这类短文对于部分学生有一定的困难,所以,之前我会为学生做一些补充提示,并提供一些参考词汇。如在写杨立伟事迹的短文时,我提供了以下词汇:Shenzhou V Manned Spaceship “神州”五号载人航天飞船         sendup into space 发射…进入太空    at 9:00 am on Oct .15th , 2003     at 6:28 am on Oct .16th ,2003
become the third country in the world 成为世界上第三个国家   
independently 独立地    be proud of  以…为骄傲   honor our country 为祖国争得荣誉
范文:I’m very excited . Shenzhou V Manned Spaceship was sent up into space at 9:00 am on Oct .15th , 2003 and landed back on the earth at 6:28 am on Oct . 16th .
Yang liwei , who was on board the spaceship ,was China’s first man in space .China has become the third country in the world to independently send a manned spaceship into space .                                                                                  
All Chinese are proud of this . We should study hard so that we will be able to honor our country when we grow up
五、多鼓励,多指导。
1、积极鼓励和引导学生进行写作练习。俗话说:“失败乃成功之母”“万事开头难”。初中生开始写作时的确有困难,词汇量有限,语法欠丰富,不能用英语思维表述等经常会阻碍学生写作水平的提高,同时也会直接影响学生的写作积极性,这就需要老师的积极引导和鼓励。
2、正确对待缺点和错误。刚刚开始写作时,学生出错是难免的,针对错误,老师要积极指导使其改正错误,又要保持其写的积极性。在修改错误时,应先肯定其优点,多用鼓励性语言,如:“你的作文进步很大!”“继续努力!”“下次会更好!”等等。多发现他们文章中的优点,以培养他们对英语写作的兴趣。

参考文献:
《中学外语教与学》2005年第1期
《中小学英语教学与研究》2005年第3期
《中学英语教学大纲》



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作者: bandre72j    时间: 2013-6-10 11:42
标题: rwy 1383 ztem
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作者: eenve7jgd    时间: 2013-6-13 02:40
标题: Et ce n'etait pas a son sujet
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作者: Sandy敏敏    时间: 2013-9-8 23:40
楼主辛苦了,鼓励一下
作者: eskouyrtg    时间: 2013-10-4 21:45
不回不行了,因为楼猪太有才了。











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