Austria Frau Pauline L. Haussmann, Heizingergasse 1, Wien XVIII. Burma Ma Than É, 19 Cushing Compound, Rangoon. Canada H. Walpole, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, China Professor R. D. Jameson, The Orthological Institute of China, 5 Sui An Po Hutung. Peiping. Cochinchina Dang Cong Thang, 288, rue Lagrandière, Saigon. Czechoslovakia J. V. Frýdl, Spálená ul. 31, Praha II. Danubian Centre Dr. Otakar Vocadlo, Komenský University, Bratislava. Denmark Mrs. Kamma Taylor, Lille Strandvej 18A. Hellerup, Copenhagen. Egypt E. H. Paxton, Faculty of Arts, Egyptian University. Cairo. France Mlle. Camille Nony, 10, rue Louis Besquel, Vincennes, Paris. Germany Dr. Hans Horst, 29, Böklinstrasse, Mannheim. Holland The Mundaneum Institute, 267, Obrechtstraat, The Hague. Hungary Julius Halász, Györi ut 12, Budapest I. Iceland Snaebjörn Jónsson, 4, Austurstraeti, Reykjavik.

India Adolph Myers, "The Times of India," Bombay. Japan T. Takata, Toyama Kotogakko, Toyama-Shigai, Toyama-Ken. Latvia Ernest Rolavs, Rupniecibas ielã 3b, Riga. Malaya Dr. V. Purcell, Protector of Chinese, Ipoh, Perak. New South Wales Mrs. Elsa M. Gormley, 171, Macquarie Street, Sydney. Norway Oscar Humerfelt, Jensmessveien 10, Vestre Holmen, Oslo. Paraguay C. A. Lewis, Avda. Colombia esq. Curupayty. Asunción. Poland Professor B. W. A. Massey, The Univcrsity, Poznań. Singapore F. Thomas, St. Andrew's School. South Australia Professor Sir C. Stanton Hicks, The University, Adelaide. Sweden Dr. Gösta Langenfelt, 7. Domherrevägen, Höglandstorget. Switzerland F. Gschwind, l 7, Stapferstrasse, Zurich, 6. Turkey W. Vernon, 16, Tozbaga Sokak, No.4, Yeni Carsi, Beyoglu, Istanbul. U.S.S.R. lvy Litvinoff, Narkomindel, Moscow. Yugoslavia I. F. Lupis-Vukić, ulica Matije Gubca 44, Split.

The purpose of these pages is to give a fuller account of the most important books in, or about, Basic English than is possible in the short lists printed in a folder or at the ends of the books themselves. In addition to the 100 here outlined or listed, covering more than 3,000,000 words in Basic, there are now at least 50 books in other languages—Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Czech, Latvian, Swedish, Danish, German, French, etc.—through which those with no knowledge of English are able to get control of the system or to make use of it in different ways. In the past eight years, at least 1,000 accounts of Basic have been printed in the newspapers of all countries, and a selection from them will be made later, as a way of marking the 10th year of the existence of Basic English (first produced in 1930) and as a guide to those who may be writing for that wider public which gets its first news of international developments from headlines. It will be seen that side by side with the Basic Library, in which details are given of the theory and structure of the system, with examples of its use in all fields, a number of step-by-step School Books at low prices are now ready, and a further wide range of these is now in the making. At the same time, we are going forward with a new Outline of the Sciences, through which the higher levels of thought and discovery may be made part of any school programme. So, by 1940, with the help of the General Dictionary (25,000 words), the Science Dictionary (20,000 words), and a new Dictionary of Current English (5,000 words commonly used in talking) , the Basic learner will not only have a key to the language of Shakespeare, Darwin, and the Radio—but a Library of 5,000,000 words in a part of that language, complete in itself for international purposes. * Readers who are unable to send money even in small amounts may make payments in Picture Stamps from any country.

BASIC ENGLISH, now in its seventh printing, is a general account of the system for readers with a knowledge of English. Part I is not in Basic, because for those who have no English it will be put into other languages, and for learners the same field is covered in The ABC of Basic English and Basic Step by Step. It gives an idea of the value of Basic as an international language, with a short outline of the structure and the rules. Then comes a fuller statement of the rules and the reasons for them; and, after that, a discussion of the learning and teaching of Basic for all purposes. Part II is a Short Guide to Basic, in Basic—from a somewhat different angle and as an example of the language. So this is the best book for the general reader who is looking for further details after hearing about Basic from a friend or reading one of those headlines in the newspapers about a new way of putting an end to Babel. THE BASIC WORDS, now in its fourth printing, is a guide to the behaviour of the 850, listing, in addition, the complex words (formed by putting Basic words together) and the hundred inter- nationals which may be used with the system. The root sense and other senses are given in French and German, and the words which may take the -er, -ing, -ed endings or un- are pointed out. The 250 special uses numbered in The ABC are listed with one star, together with 250 which have two stars, as being less important, or not for learners. Its 'phonetic' sound (using the system of Professor Daniel Jones) is printed after every word. THE ABC OF BASIC ENGLISH, now in its sixth printing, is a guide, in Basic, to all the chief points of Basic English, in three stages: A, the Basic words (which take only fifteen minutes on the records) and their order; B, expansions of form and sense; and C, special uses which arc not regular. The book is being put into other languages for the use of those whose natural language is not English. But after giving a week to A, a week to B, and an hour to C, the learner will have enough knowledge to go through it again in Basic; and this is probably the best way, because, in learning Basic, the end is at all times to be kept in view. There is an account of the Basic Word Wheel for making clear the details of structure and word-order, an invention of the greatest value in teaching. The ABC, with the help of four records made by Professor Lloyd James of the Basic words and sounds, The Basic Words, Basic Step by Step, and a selection of general reading material, gives any teacher with some knowledge of English everything necessary for his purpose.

BASIC STEP BY STEP, now in its third printing, gives a detailed account in Basic of the stages by which Basic English, as outlined in The ABC, may be made part of the teaching system of any country. The 850 words are grouped in thirty divisions of twenty- five, with a small number of structure words in every group. Any- thing which would not be clear to the learner from the first simple sense of the word has been listed; and the notes are based on suggestions from teachers of experience in all countries. Though not designed for regular school use in its present form, it is the best guide for teachers and learners who are starting out to get a good working knowledge of the system. On it school books in other languages are being based, and with the help of more pictures like the twenty-two given as examples, the senses of the different words and of their expansions may be made clear without waste of time. THE BASIC DICTIONARY, now in its fourth printing, is a selection of about 7,500 of the most necessary words in the English language with suggestions for Basic parallels. It makes clear how the 850 words do their work, and is chiefly for those who have a knowledge of English in its full form but have not had enough experience of Basic to put the words together quickly for themselves. For others, its place will be taken in 1938 by The Simple English Dictionary giving in Basic the senses of more than 25,000 words. BASIC BY EXAMPLES, now in its second printing, gives all the chief uses of the 850 words in Basic statements, so that learners who have been working with Basic Step by Step and The Basic Words may have a way of testing their knowledge and getting a better control of the system, It will be a help to those whose natural language is not English and who are at a loss how to put the words into such statements as would be of use in normal talking and writing. The sense of the word is made clear, as far as possible, bv the example itself. All root senses, special senses, and common expansions arc covered; the special uses, which are in The ABC and The Basic Words, are not put in again here. BASIC FOR SCIENCE is a discussion of the need for an international language in science and of the use of Basic in this connection. It gives an account of the way in which, with the addition of 100 general science words, and 50 for special fields, Basic will take the expert to a level where science itself is international. The examples are taken from papers on Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and other sciences. The second printing will be ready in October or November, 1938.

BASIC FOR ECONOMICS, by Miss L. W. Lockhart, is based on a selection from the writings of Malthus, Marshall, Cannan, Lavington, and Stamp, made by Professor Sargant Florence with a view to covering as wide a range as possible, The 50 special words needed for experts writing in this field of science have been printed at the front. BASIC FOR GEOLOGY, by P. M. Rossiter, gives five examples of expert writing, as different from one another as possible, put into Basic with the special Geology list of 50 words in addition to the 100 used for General Science. Out of 164 pages, more than 40 are given to the language of Geology and the selection of words for Basic purposes; so this is one of the best books for those who are attempting to make use of the system in other branches of science, at the international level. BASIC FOR BUSINESS, by Mr. S. L. Salzedo, makes clear how the unnecessarily complex forms of normal business language may be put into straightforward and simple English. No less than 60 examples of letters and agreements are given, with the 50 special words needed for all forms of trading; and at the end is a list of common business words with their Basic parallels. A BASIC ASTRONOMY, by Mr. S. I. Salzedo, is a simple account of the stars, using only the 850 Basic words and a small list of special words whose sense is made clear in notes. It is an addition to the Basic Library of Science for all those who are interested in increasing their knowledge of the great stage on which the minds and instru- ments of men are making their discoveries, even if they themselves have no desire to come before the footlights. THE SOUNDS AND FORMS OF BASIC ENGLISH, by Mr. J. Rantz, is a Basic account of those parts of the science of phonetics which are of use for Basic purposes. It is not a detailed picture for experts, but is full of interesting suggestions for helping all those talking what is designed as an international language to make the same noises as far as possible in the same way, and to give their Basic a straightforward English sound. The system of the International Phonetics Association has been used in its simplest form; and in schools where phonetics is a part of language training, A Basic Phonetic Reader, by Professor Lloyd James, may be used with this book.

FROM PICTURES TO LETTERS, by Mrs. Ellen Walpole, is a detailed account in Basic, for school use, of every step necessary in the first stages of letter-making and simple reading. For the first year the young learners, who come to school when they are three years old, are trained in simple motions and operations, so that their muscles may be ready for the work of the second year, when a serious start is made at reading and writing. By the end of the second year, most of them will have got through the book and be reading and writing Basic without trouble. Though this system of teaching the letters by pictures is a new one, it is clearly based on common sense, and is the outcome of long experience. From the Basic point of view the book is a good example of the value in education of the general idea on which the system is based. BASIC BY ISOTYPE, by Dr. Otto Neurath, is an example of the way in which pictures may be made of use for learning the sense of words and statements. Isotype is an international picture language (see International Picture Language) and the signs are clear and simple, so that the most important points are seen straight away and are kept in the memory. About 500 of the 850, together with a great number of complex words, are here covered. Two colours have been used where necessary, and the pictures are without doubt the best which have ever been produced for language purposes. EVERYDAY BASIC (which takes the place of "The Basic Traveller") by Miss L. W. Lockhart, is a guide to the right use of Basic for a number of different purposes—everyday talk in hotels, trains, banks, and restaurants; stories, political material, Radio news, and so on. The book may be used with profit, in connection with Basic Step by Step, at any stage when straightforward examples are needed for talking, writing, and reading. INTERNATIONAL TALKS, by Mr. Wickham Steed, Editor of The Times till 1922, were produced by him as an example of the way in which, by the use of straightforward English free from the tricks of newspaper writers, international questions might be made clear to the general reader. They are here printed side by side with their Basic parallels, for the use of those who have a working know- ledge of English. By keeping the Basic covered over till an attempt has been made to put the opposite page, line by line, into the 850 words, and then making a comparison, the learner will get answers to the chief questions by which all who are making a start with Basic are naturally troubled, without any time being wasted on looking up details in The Basic Dictionary.

KEÄWE'S BOTTLE is R. L. Stevenson's story "The Bottle Imp," from An Island Night's Entertainment, put into Basic by Miss L. W. Lockhart. For general reading or for school use this is one of the best books on which to make a start, after the senses of the 850 words have been made clear to the learner. In this story, Stevenson had in mind the needs of the Samoans with whom he was living, and he himself made use of very simple language which was sometimes surprisingly near to Basic. WISE WORDS OF AN EARLY AMERICAN is a selection put into Basic from the Works of Benjamin Franklin, first printed in 1796. Franklin's work on the physical and medical sciences—on the causes of thunder and of smoking fires, on the errors of the old electric theories, and on inventions in connection with sailing-ships and eye-glasses—is important for the history of their development. But for more than fifty years after his death, his writings were valued as much for their quiet humour as for their substance. This book gives some idea of how wide his knowledge was, and how wise his observations on the organization of society, education, and the right ways of taking care of the body. The material goes well into Basic and, it is hoped, without any marked loss of Franklin's thought. THE GOLD INSECT is Edgar Allen Poe's "The Gold Bug" put into Basic English by Mr. A. P. Rossiter, Lecturer in English at Durham University. It is a straightforward and gripping story, and a landmark in the history of this sort of fiction. The interest, as in all good discovery stories, comes from changes of rhythm— now made stronger by a suggestion of waiting, now jumping forward with a quick surprising turn. Poe's language was frequently stiff and complex; so that when put into Basic the story is as good as ever, but made clearer for the young reader in all countries. THE THREE SIGNS, and other American Stories, is a book of three stories by the three most important American writers in the fifty years before the Civil War. "The Three Signs," by Nathanie] Hawthorne and "The Glasses," by Edgar Allen Poe were put into Basic by Mr. J. Rantz, and Washington lrving's "The Shade of the Dead Lover" by Miss K. Newmark. Though they are very different from one another, all three have this in common—that in them everyday things seem to take on new and strange qualities; and it is interesting to see how far it is possible to get this effect, which is frequently dependent on the feeling-value of words, in the common- sense language of Basic.

JULIUS CAESAR is taken from Plutarch's histories of Julius Caesar and Brutus in Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, by Sir Thomas North. It has been put into Basic by Mr. A. P. Rossiter, and only those parts of North's Plutarch which were used by Shakespeare in his play have been covered. The form of North's prose (taken from Tudor Translations (XI and XII) printed under the direction of W. E. Henley in 1896) has been changed as little as possible. This account of the turning-point in the histories of some of the greatest men in Rome, starting at a stage when the growth of Caesar's power first became a danger to Pompey, and moving slowly forward till the Roman Empire was safely in the hands of Augustus, is an important addition to the Basic school library. GULLIVER IN LILLIPUT, by Jonathan Swift, has been put into Basic by Mr. C. Hughes Hartmann. It would not be surprising if the effect of turning such well-balanced and polished prose into simpler language had been to take away almost all its special qualities; but the hand of Swift may still be clearly seen in the Basic story. Though he was frequently laughing at the government of his day, much amusement may be got from his account of Gulliver's journeys by taking it at its face value. If he was living today, a writer with such a sharp eye for the humour of the international position might well have been a supporter of Basic. BLACK BEAUTY, by Anna Sewell, still frequently comes out at the top of the list in competition with other books which are dear to the hearts of the young. Its simple story makes good reading for schools, and will give pleasure to animal-lovers in all countries. Though much of his work is now being done by machines, the needs and troubles of the horse are the same today as in 1877, and this is a book which has made millions less cruel to their four-legged friends. So, in the Basic form given to it by Miss Winifred Holl (with certain details which are no longer of interest cut out), its wide distribution may be a help to a good cause. STORIES FOR THE YOUNG, by Leo Tolstoi, put into Basic by Mr. J. Rantz, is a book for general reading, and will be of special use in schools. When writing these stories—"After Long Years," "A Prisoner in the Caucasus," and "Getting a Bear"— Tolstoi had in mind the education of the sons and daughters of the workers on his land; but their interest is not limited to any time or place, and it is hoped that in this international form they will give pleasure to the boys and girls of all countries.

THE TWO FRIENDS, by Ivan Tourgenieff (Basic by Mr. Noel Evans), is another attempt to put the work of one of the great Russian writers before an international public. It is a simple country story, full of quiet humour. Anyone who has the idea of learning the language of Peter the Great and Lenin, will get great help not only from the experiences of these friends but from The Basis and Essantials of Russian and the Russian form of Basic Step by Step printed in the U.S.S.R. STORIES FROM FRANCE, put into Basic from the French of Charles Perrault by Mr. H. Walpole, is another addition to the group of Basic readers for the young on the same level as Stories from Hans Andersen, Robinson Crusoe, and Black Beauty. These eight stories. " Cinderella," "Tom Thumb," "Bluebeard," and the rest were loved by boys and girls even before the good Perrault gave them their place in the sun in 1697. There is a touch of blood here and there, but it is quickly washed out when the wrongdoer gets what is so clearly coming to him. JAPANESE STORIES, from Lafcadio Hearn, put into Basic by Mr. T. Takata, was the first Basic book by anyone whose natural language is not English, and the full English form is printed opposite for comparison. Mr. Takata (a teacher of English in Japan) had in mind the needs of Japanese boys and girls; but the stories will make good reading material in all countries, not only in schools but for the general public. However strange they may seem to European minds, they give some idea of the feeling and thought of old Japan. in which the Japan of today has its roots. ROBINSON CRUSOE, put into Basic by Mr. T. Takata, is a story which has kept the attention of the young for two hundred years. Defoe's idea of a man slowly learning to make and do everything for himself has a special value in education, and this Basic selection gives boys and girls of all countries a chance of making their discoveries in the footsteps of Man Friday. For this reason care has been taken to keep to the simple uses and structures which give least trouble in early reading. LAMB'S STORIES FROM SHAKESPEARE, put into Basic by Mr. T. Takata, will give young readers whose mother tongue is not English a chance to get a knowledge of what Shakespeare was writing about at a stage when it would be hard for them to get the sense of his plays. "Macbeth," "The Trader of Venice," "Hamlet," and "A Winter's Story" are outlines in even simpler language than that of Charles Lamb.

STORIES FROM CHINA, by T. K. Ch'u, is a selection from old story-books, the writer's memory of old stories handed down by word of mouth, and present-day stories such as that about Nüwa and the Sky, by Lu Hsün, whose death a short time back was a great loss to Chinese letters. It will here be seen why the Chinese have so little fear of death, how strong was the feeling that it is wrong for a woman to get married a second time, and what sort of reactions the old ways and beliefs are now producing. In fact, we may get from these pages as much knowledge of Chinese ideas and theories of living as from a history-book—if not more. THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF A CANDLE, by Michael Faraday, put into Basic by Phyllis Rossiter, is an example of the language at work on the simplest level of international science—using the 100 genera1 science words, and the 50 for Chemistry and Physics. These six talks given by Faraday at the Royal Institution in 1860-1 are still a good base for all early school work in Chemistry, and at the same time they give a clear idea of the reasoning processes responsible for the growth of our knowledge. Faraday lets his young hearers see how one question comes out of another; and the very heart of his teaching is that wise doubt which is the start, if not the end, of all true science. THE OUTLOOK OF SCIENCE is one of two books which have been made from a selection of papers by Professor J. B. S. Haldane and put into Basic by Mr. W. Empson. We are here given the latest views on how living beings first came into existence, man as a sea animal, the effects of size, the value of scales, the future of man, and how the earth will come to an end. This is not a book for experts but for the general reader, so only the 850 Basic words have been used, without the help of the special science lists. SCIENCE AND WELL-BEING is a further selection of papers by Professor J. B. S. Haldane, put into Basic by Mr. W. Empson. Like The Outlook of Science it gives us the views of a worker on biology, a man of very fertile ideas and wide knowledge, on important questions of general public interest, such as the need for Doubt, what comes after Death, and the viewpoint of History. INTERNATIONAL PICTURE LANGUAGE, by Dr. Otto Neurath, is a first general outline (in Basic) of an international system of education by pictures ('Isotype'). The system is now ready for use in all fields; and the material, here taken from the point of view of teaching and advertisement, is in harmony with the selection of pictures given in the same writer's Basic by Isotype.

THE MENO OF PLATO, put into Basic by J. Rantz, is an attempt to give the reader something into which he may get his teeth more deeply than is possible with stories taken at their face value. The more thought we have to give to these discussions of Knowledge and its relations to society, the slower we go; but in the end, our control of the language may be greatly increased by the fact that, though the words were simple, their senses were frequently in doubt—Plato's purpose being to keep our minds working all the time. THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE, by Maxwell Garnett, C.B.E., Sc.D. (Secretary of the League of Nations Union), is a Basic history of the growth of the League of Nations, making clear why an international organization became necessary, how the League was formed, how it does its work, and what it has in view. The book will be of interest to all those who see in Basic the hope of a happier future in international relations, helping forward the two greatest needs of our times—a working systcm of international agreement for the common good of all nations and a common language for the use of all. THE BASIC ST. MARK is part of a complete Basic Bible on which work was started in 1930. After three hundred vears it is sometimes hard even for English readers to get the sense of the older forms of language in the King James Bible; but for those whose mother tongue is different in structure from European languages, it is even harder. Other parts of the Bible now printed separately in Basic are St. John, The Song of Songs, with Ecclesiastes, and Stories from the Bible. This fifth great Bible undertaking (if Tyndale and the American Translation of 1931 are listed with the King James Bible and the Revised Version) will be the first with an international purpose. In addition to the 50 special Bible words, the list of 100 for reading and writing Verse has been used when needed, and it will be seen from these examples, how with less than 15% of the old Bible language, it is possible to keep the feeling and sense of the Hebrew and the Greek. THE BASIC ST. JOHN is the work of the Rev. Edwin Smith, Editorial Superintendent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, who was responsible in 1936 for a work in Basic on African Beliefss. It is even simpler than St. Mark; and so that the story may not be broken up unnaturally, the numbers of the verses have been printed down the side of the page.

STORIES FROM THE BIBLE, now in its second printing, is a selection from those parts of the Bible which are most used by teachers in schools, so that the system here is tested over a wide range. The stories are given in their complete form, making possible a comparison with any other Bible verse by verse. THE SONG OF SONGS, put into Basic by Ma Than É, Basic representative in Burma, is different from the other parts of the Basic Bible now printed separately because the language questions here faced are nearer to those covered by Mr. Rossiter's Statement and Suggestion. In addition to the Song of Solomon, the reader is given not only Ecclesiastes but a Note on the verses by St. Peter Damiani, "Quis est Hic?" (based on the Song of Songs), with a Basic parallel to make the rhythm clearer. DEATH IN HIGH SOCIETY, and Other Stories, is the work of Miss Inez Holden, who is an expert in the art of interesting a wide public. They are representative of an important part of the reading material on which the value of Basic for general purposes has to be tested. The story from which the book takes its name was given in its Basic form on the short-wave Radio in 1935 without anyone being conscious that it was not in an English of 20,000 words. At the front of the book is a picture of Miss Holden by Augustus John. THAT NIGHT is a Japanese play by Mr. Kyôson Tumura, put into Basic by Mr. F. J. Daniels as test material for the making of a Japanese-Basic English word-book. In the first part of the book the Japanese is printed with a word-for-word Basic parallel; and in the second the play is given again in smoother Basic. From these two forms Japanese learners will be able to get the Basic sense of every word of the Japanese, and to see what adjustments are necessary if the effect is to seem natural in English. CARL AND ANNA, by Leonhard Frank, put into Basic by Miss L. W. Lockhart and now in its second printing, was the first attempt to give the general public a complete work of fiction without going outside the Basic word list. It is not for school use—if only because the woman with whom Carl goes off into the snow is married to another. But in time of war such exchanges do take place, and the story had international approval as a book, a play, and a moving picture, in the form given it by Mr. Cyrus Brooks—who made use of more than 2,000 diffcrent words. Miss Lockhart has been able to give us the same story using only 700 of the Basic 850. Those who have time to make a comparison between the two will see how well Basic is able to get the effects desired.

BRIGHTER BASIC, by C. K. Ogden, now in its second printing, is chiefly for young persons of taste and feeling who are ready for something a little less dry than the sort of material which is commonly used in schools. Examples are given of Basic in everyday talks, in story-writing, in verse, and in the art of the 'gagagram'—making clear how wide the range of Basic is, and how it may be used with equal effect for amusement or for any sort of discussion. Learners whose natural language is not English will be able to see from its pages if, and how, they are at a loss when they come across words put together with less respect for the rules than in Basic books with a more serious purpose. STATEMENT AND SUGGESTION, by Mr. A. P. Rossiter (1ecturer in English in the University of Durham and Late Instructor in English in the Imperial Naval College, Etajima, Japan), gives the arguments for using Basic as an apparatus for getting a new sense of word values in the reading of verse. The discussion, which is all in Basic, is designed not only for overseas teachers but for English schools and universities, where, by using the 850 words and the Verse List of 100 as a measuring-rod, the reader maybe made conscious of the delicate shades of thought and feeling to which, in the hands of writers of taste, language is a key. BASIC RULES OF REASON, by Dr. I. A. Richards, gives a Basic account of the process of reasoning, that is, putting our thoughts into a system so that the connections between them become clear and we see that if certain of them are taken as true certain others have necessarily to be given the same belief. Basic, he says, is better for this sort of discussion than a more complete language; and by working on a selection of 26 key words, such as thought, thing, fiction, fact, knowledge, and belief, and making clear how their senses and uses may be grouped, he gives us a machine for the better organization of our minds, which was part of the purpose of the older books on Logic. BASIC IN TEACHING: EAST AND WEST, by Dr. I. A. Richards, a book for English teachers, not in Basic, makes clear some of the important uses of Basic in teaching in the East and the West. It gives an account of the present conditions of English teaching in China and of the reasons for a wide use in China of some language of the West. Turning to the parallel troubles of learners in England and America, Dr. Richards puts forward strong arguments against the current system of language teaching, and gives reasons for his opinion that Basic may be used as a training in the right way of reading English.

WORD ECONOMY, by Miss L. W. Lockhart, is an outline (not in Basic) of the new developments in the science of language of which Basic English was the outcome, and of the value of theory in the making of a simple and elastic system for international use. It gives a clear view of the different uses and values of words for everyday purposes, and of the different ways in which word organization is possible. For the general reader it is the best account of expansions (covering operations and directions together with the commoner sorts of change of sense), special uses, opposites, and fictions. Other books by the same writer are Basic for Economics, the Basic Carl and Anna, Keäwe's Bottle, and Arms and the Man. BASIC ENGLISH VERSUS THE ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES, by C. K. Ogden, is an answer to the arguments for Esperanto and other languages put together from European roots, and to the attacks made on Basic by the supporters of Esperanto. In addition, there is a detailed account of the errors of Esperanto by Mr. Paul D. Hugon, a discussion of Novial by Miss L. W. Lockhart, and some notes on Occidental by Mr. Gerald A. Moore. Much time is still being wasted on languages which will never be used by more than one person, or are of interest only to a small group. Esperanto has not even given us a structure on which a solid system might later be based; and, in the opinion of experts, this book may well be its death-blow. DEBABELIZATION, by C. K. Ogden, is a general account of the troubles caused by Babel, and of the Way Out—through Basic. Only part of it is in Basic, because it is designed for doubters who are still on the edge of this question; and it will be put into the other languages of Babel for those who have no knowledge of normal English. It is a record of current opinion on the question of an international language, and of the development of Basic in the last 10 years-as the answer. All the books on pages 5-16 are priced at 2/6 a copy, and are part of the Library named "Psyche Miniatures," produced in connection with Psyche, an "Annual Review of General and Linguistic Psychol- ogy," in which the work of the Orthological Institute is recorded year by year. (Vol. XVII, 1937, 10/- post free. Vol. I-XVI, £20). Other books in this Library which may be of interest to those working on Basic theory are : Opposition (9-/6). Jeremy Bentham 1832-2032 (2/6).

OF GENERAL INTEREST ARMS AND THE MAN, (Orthological Institute, 2/4 post free) by Bernard Shaw, was put into Basic by Miss L. W. Lockhart; and those who are able to make a comparison of the Basic with Mr. Shaw's English, or with the play in its French, German, or Chinese form, will get a good idea of the level at which Basic does its work. There are millions to whom Mr. Shaw's language of more than 20,000 words is so hard that his ideas would never get across. Even for acting purposes, the simpler language of Basic will have a wide international public; and G.B.S. himself kindly made some suggestions for small changes here and there. As a writer in The Irish Review (November 17th, 1936) said, the effect is surprising: "I have read this transposed version of Shaw's brilliant comedy, and am left wondering how the miracle of rendering a work by one of the most individual of contemporary writers, through a medium so restricted in its vocabulary, has been accomplished." GENERAL HISTORY, in Outline and Story, by E. H. Carter and C. K. Ogden (Nelson, 216) , gives a bird's-eye view of history in 100,000 words, with pictures from the earliest times to the present day. Being in Basic, it may be used not only by the very young but even by those with a very limited knowledge of English, The writers say: "Our attempt has been to give some idea of the great canvas of history, by lighting up, for example, a group, a man, a town , a ship, or a new invention—things not very important in themselves, but representative of the special qualities of a country or a time. If in this way we have made our readers interested enough to go further, and I given them the sort of start which will make it possible for them to get profit by doing so, we have done our part. LIVlNG THlNGS, by J. W. N. Sullivan (Nelson, l/9), is a clear account, in 30,000 words, of the structure of living material and the process by which the complex forms which are on the earth today have come into existence. How is the 'Theory of Evolution' now supported? How are qualities handed down by plants and animals ? Has man any control over the development and distribution of living things? These questions and a number of others are answered for the common reader in the light of our latest knowledge.

AFRICAN BELIEFS AND CHRISTIAN FAITH, by Edwin W. Smith (The United Society of Christian Literature, 5/- post free) , is by a writer whose earlier works, Ila Speakilng Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, The Golden Stool, and Aggrey of Africa were based on a wide experience of African conditions. The sense of a small number of special words, such as clan, custom, slave, taboo, needed for African purposes, is made clear in footnotes; and fourteen other words (banana, buffalo, calabash, drum, eland, elephant, fig, hare, hoe, hyena, lechwe, lizard, spider, wasp) come into the story. In 1935 Mr. Smith was President of the Royal Anthropological Society and is an expert on African languages. He here puts Christian beliefs before his African readers so clearly and naturally that, as The Speaker has said (January 23rd, 1937), though keeping to the limits of Basic," his excellent book seems thereby to win an added charm." THE BIBLE: WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IS IN IT (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 216) is a book of 150,000 words in Basic., by the Rev. E. Evans, Vicar of Hellifield and Professor T. H. Robinson of University College, Cardiff, designed for Christian readers in Africa and Asia. There is a short special list, on page 381, giving the sense of all words outside the 850. TWENTIETH CENTURY HOUSES, by Raymond McGrath (Faber and Faber, 21 -). See opposite page.

In connection with the Basic Science Dictionary, which will be ready in 1939, giving the senses of more than 20,000 words in Basic, a number of additions to the Basic Science Library are now being printed. In October, 1938, come Inventions Today, by Dr, H. Stafford Hatfield, and The Growth of Science, by A. P. Rossiter. Science in Society, by J. G. Crowther and The Roots of Science, by J. A. Lauwerys, are listed for November; and, covering the general field from a different angle, European Science and The Bases of Physical Science, by Dr. Hatfield, who will at the same time be responsible for and Magnetism, What Things are Made of, and four further outlines of special branches of physical work. Details of these and other science books now in the making will be given in No. 7 of The Basic News.

"As to novelty, I would draw attention to the fact (that might else pass unnoticed) that the book is written throughout in Basic English, a convention that, seemingly sacrificing so little, appears to promise so much,—instead of making his choice from the 25,000 or so that I should have indolently had recourse to in doing the job. The prose of the book is like the buildings it profusely pictures—clear-cut, purposeful, economical, efficient; and those concerned to bring themselves up to date in the matter of language, and not merely in that of building, are counselled to study Mr. C. K. Ogden's illumin- ating notes that constitute the appendix."

CLOUGH WILLIAMS-ELLIS, F.R.I.B.A.

"Here is a book which, if virtue were not its own reward, should most cer- tainly be given two reviews-in parallel columns. For it is not only the best book on its subject but it is written in Basic English and written beautifully."

The Spectator

"The Basic English in which the book is written is an interesting demon- stration of the intelligibility and essential sufficiency of that progressive device."

Punch

"A certain austerity marks this well-produced book. But for an unfamiliar look in some familiar quotations, a reader might well not notice that it was written in Basic English. . . . We are none the worse for knowing that almost half-a-million of the words found in The Oxford Dictionary have no place in this book."

The Listener

"It is not surprising that he has chosen the new medium of Basic English with which to clothe his thoughts, for by this means his book, which adopts an international standpoint with reference to design, is more readily accessible to foreign students. By limiting his vocabulary to a few hundred words, which have been specially chosen for their simplicity and with a wide collective range of meaning, he has succeeded in saying everything he wants to say in a pleasantly fluent and unaffected manner."

The Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects

"A delight for all those who love clarity in architectural design and liter- ature. Written in Basic English it is a model of clear and simple statement."

Decoration

"Basic English, handled by Mr. McGrath, is flexible, fluid, and alive, Twentieth Century Houses is a literary and technical landmark."

The Architects' Journal

"There is no doubt that Twentieth Century Houses has style, and the literary quality is very high. "

Architeciure

"He makes it read like the best and most flexible sort of English prose."

Books of the Month

"The whole text is in Basic English with an explanatory article and vocabulary contributed by Mr. C. K. Ogden, The language runs simply but not haltingly."

The Cambridge Review

"An interesting thing about the book is that it is written in Basic English. This simplicity, which has been achieved without any loss of vigour, will probably make the text as easily understood (in Japan) as the photographs are."

The Japan Chronicle

"The author states his convictions in clear, logical prose which one discovers at the end, to one's surprise, has been written throughout in Basic English for international purposes."

The Manchester Guardian

DR. W. B. MUMFORD Colonial Adviser, University of London, Institute of Education	E. H. CARTER FormerIy H.M. Inspector The Board of Education, Whitehall
H. V. HAMPTON Principal, Training College, Bombay, India	HARVEY WILLIAMS Lecturer in English, Etyptian University, Cairo
PROFESSOR R. D. JAMESON National Tsing Hua University, Peiping, China	HARLEY V. USILL General Editor, "The Year Book of Education"

(Evans Brothers, Ltd. Four Learners' Books, 6d. a copy; four Teaching Books, 1/- a copy). These step-by-step language books have been designed in answer to the request from different countries for simple school material. Working quickly with these books, the learner will get control of Basic English in six months; working slowly, in two years of a school programme. When he has been through them all, he will be able to do all his talking in English and to have all his teaching ondy in English. The material of these books is of general interest, and some of the pictures are of Africa, some of Asia, and some of Europe. Three READING BOOKS, covering the substance of Books I and II, Book III, and Book IV, are with the printers. A SECOND STAGE, which will take the learner on from Basic to complete English, is being produced under the direction of Dr. W. B. Mumford.

(Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd. Book One 9d., Book Two 10d., Book Three 10d.) All the stories in these books keep inside the limits of the 850 words of Basic English. Every. word in the list is common and simple, and all taken together have a range equal to that of about 20,000. This makes it possible to get away from baby-talk without overstretching the learner's powers. The use of the same words again and again gives him a chance to become certain of himself, but the words say so much that he is not conscious of being limited. Boys and girls who have gone through these books will be interested enough in reading to take trouble with harder material. Further—and this point is important—they will have got control of the words which will give them most help in learning new words. Basic, with its power of clear and simple statement, is a safe instru- ment for pinning words down. These books are the first step to its wider use in schools for reading material of every sort. In building up a healthy outlook nothing is of more value than the development of an interest in the things round about us. The stories in the first two books are about the everyday doings of quite unimportant persons. Facts about such things as clouds, the building of a tree-house, or how to make a fire out of doors are given in the framework of normal experience, and an attempt is made to put common events in an interesting light. The third Book takes the reader on to simple questions of general knowledge. Starting with things which men do, it goes on to give an account of facts about plants and animals and the earth itself. The pictures in this book give training in learning through the eye. There. are questions at the end of every story in all three Books. These are about the details of the stories, and are for testing the reader's attention. Book One is at the level of the eight-year-old. Book Three, though simple enough for quite young readers, might well be used for older learners who are making a start with Basic or have been learning English slowly.

This Library will give those who are learning Basic, or who are taking their first step with Basic or any other limited word list, a wide range of reading material of more general interest than the stories commonly offered to the young--which are of very little profit to those desiring new knowledge. The first thirty of these books will be printed at the rate of ten a year, and will be a guide to the inventions by which our way of living has been changed, the discoveries by which the earth has been made to seem smaller, and the sciences by which the organization of society and the arts of peace have been made possible. Books in this Library:
	1. Across the Isthmus of Panama 2. Electric Power at Work 3. Fireside Stories 4. Schoolboys of Early Times—I 5. Schoolboys of Early Times—II 6. Great Discoveries 7. The First Virginians 8. The White Man comes to New York 9. How Men have kept their Records 10. Wires Round the Earth 11. To Far Cathay 12. All about Motion Pictures
With the Printers:
	13. Late Night Special 14. The Post Bag 15. Wings Away Ready before the end of the year :
		The Thunder Bird Airship Flight The Potter's Wheel Ships of Yesterday Down the Ships' Ways