STEP  11    

	VOCABULARY
Nouns		Nouns			Adjectives
bell		mouth	c		good -- bad
coat	click	nerve			open -- shut
cry		pull			sudden
face	click	push			Structure Words
glove		servant			forward
grip		stick			much -- little
hat	click click	tongue	c		please
head	click	tooth	c
hole		touch
instrument		trouble
liquid		wash

STRUCTURE 1 . Nouns
PLURAL FORMS
    Tooth, like man and woman, forms its plural by a change of vowel and not by the addition of s.
tooth -- teeth
    The th in mouth is pronounced as in thing, but in the plural form mouths it is pronounced as in the.

NOUNS NAMING THINGS WHICH MAY BE REGARDED AS EITHER COUNTABLES OR SUBSTANCES
    There are a number of nouns which may be used either as if they were names of countables or as if they were names of substances. Two such nouns occur in this Step, pain and trouble. We may say :
She has a pain.
Have you no troubles ?
or
She has some pain.
Be ready for trouble.
    Time is another noun of the same sort. One may talk of a time, meaning a particular period of time, or of time in general.
    A list of such nouns is given in List 1 on page 351.

2 . Adjectives
    The opposites much and little are used with names of substances, etc. and not with names of countables
At this school, the boys get much good food.
She lets little liquid go on the floor.

    They are also used as pronouns and, as such, like the other pronouns of quantity, may be linked by of to the name of that to which they refer.
They make steel in this town but I do not see much in the buildings.
The town is old and much o fit is very beautiful.
Her servants do almost all the work. she does little.
Little of the light comes into the room.
    Little may be used in a special sense with a and is therefore an exception to the general rule that adjectives of quantity never have a, the, or an adjective before them. A little gives the sense 'a small amount (of),' whereas little used without a has the negative sense 'not much, not more than a small amount (of).' The distinction will easily be grasped from the examples. Note that there is no corresponding use of a with much.
My coat has a little blood on it.   (== some blood, a small amount of blood.)
My coat has little blood on it.   (== not much blood, only a small amount of blood.)

3 . Operators     In this Step, examples are given of some of the chief expansions of the operators.
GET   The root sense of get is 'obtain' or 'acquire,' understood in the widest possible way. We have already seen that this may be the equivalent of 'receive' or 'be given,' but that it is not confined to this sense. (as, for example, Step 8, plants from which we get berries). Nor is what we get limited to physical objects ; we may get pleasure from a book, get a view of the river, get a pain, and so on. Sometimes we get things permanently, in other words become the owners of them, by gift, purchase, or otherwise, as when we get a book at a store. Sometimes we get them without trouble, or even without any act of our own, as when we get light from a window ; sometimes with an effort, as when we get work (== become employed) after trying for some time, or get a seat in the train by looking for it in competition with others, or get a bird or other animal in the sense of 'catch' it.
    In order to get something, one frequently has to change its position, so, combining these ideas, one may say, for example, if one takes a ticket from inside a box. I get the ticket from the box. By a further development, the root sense of 'obtaining' disappears and get is used simply to indicate the moving of a thing into another position which is indicated by a preposition or adverb.
The servant is getting the bits off the floor.
The servant will get the blood off your coat.
He is getting the instrument out of the box.
    Change of position leads to the parallel idea of change of condition, and this gives us another expansion to get the adjectives.
The boys will get the bag full of berries.
When you get to the end of the street, you will see the green door.
    It is an easy step from this to the idea of things getting themselves into positions or conditions, and in this case get it used, like come and go, without an object.
The boy is getting bright.
When you get old you will have no teeth.
They may get married.

GIVE   Our first examples of give were in connection with physical objects, but one may give many other things, such as feelings and some acts, that are in some sense transmitted from one person or thing to another.
    You have seen (Step 3) that in the simplest pattern of statement with give, the preposition to comes after the object (the name of what is given) and is followed by the indirect object (the name of that which receives what is given). sometimes, however, to is omitted and the indirect object put before the direct object. This inversion is possible when a physical thing is given but is most common when what is given is something which is not physical.
A touch on the nerve may give the man pain.
A day in the country gives my mother pleasure.
The boys give their brother a push.
I will give the curtain a pull.
He son gives his face a wash.
Give the boy time for a meal.

    It is a safe rule always to use the inversion when the indirect object is a pronoun, whether the thing given is a physical object or not.
Give him the instrument which you have.
I will not give you the gloves.
She may give it a push.
I will give her a touch.
On the other hand, the inversion is never used when the direct object is a noun and the direct object is a personal pronoun. We say :
She is giving him a book.
Will you give me the boy?
but
She is giving it to him.
Will you give him to me?
    Give is also used without an indirect object with certain names of acts, in the sense simply of 'emit' or 'produce.'
I will come when you give a cry.
Do not give a pull till he is ready.

KEEP   Just as one may get things in a direction or condition, so, in the sense of maintaining, one may keep them (or oneself) in a direction or condition.
The man keeps his hat on his head.
Will the boys keep off the grass ?
she keeps the box full.
The leaves will not keep green.

LET   We have seen that let is normally followed by a noun or pronoun and the root form of an operator. When this operator is go or come followed by a preposition, however, the operator is often omitted.
The hole lets light into the room.
She is letting the bird out of the window.

MAKE   Make is used for he process of producing a new thing. It is also used for the process of producing or causing a new condition or quality in something. When used in this second sense it is followed by a noun or pronoun naming the thing which is changed and an adjective naming the quality produced.
He is making the table round.
The light makes the view beautiful.
Do not make the bag quite full.
    Make may be used not only in the sense of 'cause to be,' but also in the sense of 'cause to do' (often in the sense of 'compel'). In this case the object is followed by an operator and the construction is the same as with let.
This liquid will make the pain go.
She will make the servant get it.

MAY   When we say that a thing may happen, we mean that it is possible. But it can be possible in two ways, either because circumstances allow it to happen (and that is the sense of may that has been illustrated first)., or because a person allows it by giving his permission.
A good mother may be a bad cook.   (circumstances make it possible).
You may have these flowers.     (the person speaking permits it)
but
You may not have these flowers == it is not possible for you to have these flowers because I do not permit it.

SEE   The object of see may be followed by the root form of another operator to express the fact that what is seen is the person or thing named doing the act named.
You may see the train come in.
Will he see me take it ?
    Alternately, the -ing form of an operator, representing the act as in progress, may be used after the object of see in place of the root form.
You may see the train coming in.
Will he see me taking it ?

    The -ing adjectives formed from operators may be used without be to indicate an act done by the subject either just before or at the same time as the action named by the operator in the statement. Such adjectives, with whatever is necessary to complete their sense, are generally put at the beginning or end of the statement and are separated by a comma.
Taking his hat off his head, he puts it on the table.
Giving a cry, he puts his hand on this head.
He put his and on his head, giving a cry.
    This construction is also used with hanging and other similar adjectives ending in -ing.
Hanging his hat up, he lets his gloves go on the floor.

4 . Prepositions
WITH   If a person takes meat out of a pot with his hands, his hands and the meat are together in space, and so with one another in the root sense, but the hands are also the means by which the meat is removed from the pot. This example shows the connection between the root sense of with and its use as a pointer to the instrument by which an act is done.
He gives the hat a push with a stick.

5 . Adverbs
    Forward means either 'onward' (in space and time) or 'to or towards the front'. We have seen that back is used as an adverb expressing the opposite of the first sense ; it is also used to express the opposite of the second.
The train is going forward (back) slowly.
Do not put your head forward (back).
    We have seen that when the adverb not qualifies an operator to make a negative statement, it comes after the operator or the auxiliary. Not is also used to qualify certain adjectives and pronouns of quantity, and in this use it is put immediately before the word it qualifies.
    Two of the words with which not may be used in this way are all and every.
    If we want to say that redness is not a quality of very apple or all apples (though it may be of some), it is the every or the all, not the operator, which must be qualified by not, thus :
Not every apple is red. }__ _{Some apples are not red.}
Not all apples are red. }
    Not may similarly be used before much when it is, or forms part of, the subject, but in this case, putting not before the subject instead of after the operator changes only the emphasis, not the sense.
Not much of the grass is green.
Not much light comes into these rooms.
    These statements, of course, might just as well be expressed, without not since not much == little (Little light comes into these rooms), but the habit of using negatives or understatements is common in English, as in many other languages. The same construction is not used with little, but not a little is used as an emphatic substitute for much.
    Not a little of the liquid goes on the floor.

6 . Requests
    Requests may be made in the form used for orders, or in the form of questions using will or, naturally, when the request is for permission, may.
    Please is a polite form used in making requests. It may be placed at the beginning or at the end of he request or, in questions, after the subject.
Please, give me my hat.
Give me my hat, please.
Please, may I take this stick ?
May I take this stick, please?
Will you please take this ?

TROUBLE WITH A TOOTH
[Mr. Brown is at the front door of a house. He give the bell a push and a servant comes to the door and gets it open. He lets Mr. Brown in.]
Mr. Brown : May I see Mr. Cook ?
Servant :     Are you Mr. Brown ?
Mr. Brown :   Yes.
Servant :     Will you come in, please ?
[He takes Mr. Brown to a small room with a fire in it. At the other side of the room there is a door, which is shut.]
Mr. Brown :   You have a good fire here.
Servant :     Will you take a seat ? Mr. Cook is not quite ready. May I take your things ?
[Mr. Brown puts gloves in his pocket and takes his coat off. He give his hat, coat, and stick to the servant. The servant goes out. Mr. Brown takes a seat by the fire. There are some books on the table. He takes up a book and puts it down. He puts his hand to his face. A man in a white coat comes in from the other room. Mr. Brown gets up.]
Mr. Cook :   [coming forward and putting his hand out] : Mr. Brown ? Good morning.
Mr. Brown :   Good morning. [They go into the other room.]
Mr. Cook :     Will you please take a seat here ?
[While Mr. Brown is getting ready, Mr. Cook goes to the other end of the room and gives his hands a wash. Then he comes back.]
    Put your head back, please, and let me see. Is this the tooth which is giving the trouble ?
Mr. Brown :   Yes, that is the tooth, at the back of my mouth.
Mr. Cook :     I see it.
[He gives the tooth a touch with his instrument. Mr. Brown puts his hand up.]
My instrument is getting on the nerve. There is a great hole in the tooth, but you have no other bad teeth. All your other teeth are very good. A man keeps young if he has good teeth.
[He gives the bad tooth another touch.]
Have you a pain in this tooth ?
Mr. Brown :   Yes, I am in great pain.
Mr. Cook :   I will take the tooth out for you.
Mr. Brown :   This is a bad day for that because I am going to the country. Do not make me late for my train.
Mr. Cook :   I will be very quick. The tooth will come out with one pull.
[He gets some steel instruments out of a drawer and put them on a small table.]
I will put this thing in your mouth. It will keep it open. Now keep your tongue down, please.
[He takes up an instrument and gets a grip of the tooth with it. Then he gives a sudden pull. Mr. Brown keeps in his seat but his head goes back and he gives a cry. Mr. Cook takes the instrument out of his mouth and lets him see the tooth.]
There is the tooth.
Mr. Brown :   Is it out ?
Mr. Cook :   Yes. That is the end of your troubles. [He gives him some liquid in a glass.] Give your mouth a wash with this.
[Mr Brown give his mouth a wash and gives the glass back to Mr. Cook.]
Mr. Brown :   Not much blood is coming out.
Mr. Cook :   That is good. You may have a little pain.
Mr. Brown :   I have very little now.
Mr. Cook :   Keep your mouth shut when you go out and put something round your face.
Mr. Brown :   May I have a meal when I get to the station ?
Mr. Cook :   Yes, but give your mouth another wash after it.
Mr. Brown :   I will. Good morning.
Mr. Cook :   Good morning.
[The servant comes in and gives Mr. Brown his things. Mr. Brown puts on his coat and the servant takes him to the front door and lets him out.]

NOTES

trouble with a tooth : Note this wider use of with in the sense of 'concerning, having to do with'.
He lets Mr. Brown in : Let in and let out may be used with the special sense of 'open the door of a house, etc., for someone to enter or leave.'
there is a door : There is frequently used to introduce statements which simply assert the existence or presence of something. When so used it is said quite without emphasis and retains none of its pointing force.
take a seat == sit down.
may I take your things ? A person's clothes and the objects which he carries about with him, such as a walking stick or a case, are talked of as his things. Similarly, in a more general sense, one's things are one's possessions. The learner will notice that the sense of the English word thing is very wide. It can be used for whatever we may have thoughts about, whether this is a material objects, a feeling, a quality, an act, an event, or a fact.
takes his coat off : } When we remove clothing, we are simply said to take it off ;
puts on his coat :   } it is not necessary to name the part of the body from which we take it.Put on is used similarly for the opposite action. Note that, though in these adverbial uses, on and off may still come after the object, they may, alternatively, come directly after the operator except when the object is a pronoun or where (as in some cases with get) there might be ambiguity (get off the grass == remove oneself from it, get the grass off == remove it from whatever it is on). Apart from these special phrases, on and off, like in, are among the prepositions that have a general adverbial use.
he takes up a book and puts it down : One takes up a thing when one take it off a surface ; one put it down when one puts it on a surface. Note that the rules of order are the same as for take off and put on.
a man in a white coat : That is, 'wearing a white coat'.
Mr. Brown gets up : That is, 'rises from his seat'.
putting his hand out : That is, 'forward'.
Good morning : A form of greeting.
bad teeth : Bad here means 'decayed'.
in great pain : A condition is though of as something that a person may be in, but in may not be used before all nouns naming conditions. For instance, though a person may be in pain, he could not be descried as in pleasure. -- Note that great is used of degree as well as of size.
one : Basic number-word for 1. All number-words may be used as adjectives or pronouns. As pronouns, they may, like the other pronouns indicating quantity, be linked by of to the name of the things to which they refer. Numerical adjectives precede descriptive adjectives, but unlike other adjectives of quantity, they follow pointing or possessive adjectives or the.
gets a grip of == grips, grasps. Notice that this phrase and the idiomatic use of of after grip. Also, gets a grip on.
glass == drinking-vessel made of glass. By an expansion, the name of a substance is here used for a thing which is made of it.
very little : Though pronouns may not as a rule be qualified by adverbs, much and little are exceptional in allowing very before them even in their pronoun use. We may say similarly a very little.
round your face : Round may be used as a preposition, with the sense 'around'.

EXERCISES


1 . (a) Describe what you see in the above picture in five sentences introducing the following words : ( i )   push , bell (ii )   hat , head (iii)   coat , hole (iv)   stick , touch (v )   little , face

(b)   Describe what you see in the above picture in five sentences introducing the following words : ( i )   mouth , open (ii )   tooth , pull (iii)   pain , much (iv)   tongue , grip (v )   wash , liquid

2 . Fill in the blanks in these sentences :
(a)   The high wall may _____ the boys out of the garden.
(b)   The blood from his arm _____ the water red.
(c)   When she comes in, every boy will _____ up.
(d)   A push will _____ him go forward.
(e)   The servant is _____ the window open.
(f)   She may _____ a cry when she sees the blood.
(g)   My sister does housework but she ____ her hands white.
(h)   _____ the door open with a box.
(i)   This tooth will _____ you no trouble.

3 . Write sentences using the operator give :
(a)   With a touch as the direct object and this as the indirect object.
(b)   With a coat as the direct object and him as the indirect object.
(c)   With these gloves as the direct object and his friend as the indirect object.
(d)   With a push as the direct object and the box as the indirect object.
(e)   With it as the direct object and the servant as the indirect object.
(f)   With it as the direct object and us as the indirect object.

4 . Express these statements in a different way, using not in every case.
(a)   Much blood is on the coat.
(b)   Some of the teeth are not bad.
(c)   Little of the food goes into his mouth.
(d)   Not every instrument is on the table.

5 . Write down a sentence in Basic :
(a)   Asking someone politely to sit down.
(b)   Asking politely for permission to wash one's hands.
(c)   Giving a servant permission to allow a man to enter the room.

6 . Write down the opposite of bad, back (adverb), open, little. Bring each of the opposites into a sentence.

7 . Write the plural form of cry, tooth, touch, push.

8 . Use the following words in two different senses : glass, bad, round.

9 . Translate into Basic :
(The following sentences should be given to the learner in his own language for translation into Basic.)
Teacher's Link

10 . Answer in Basic :
(a)   How does Mr. Cook do while Mr. Brown is getting ready ?
(b)   What does Mr. Brown do before he takes a seat by the fire ?
(c)   Why does Mr. Brown put his hand up ?
(d)   How does Mr. Cook take the tooth out ?
(e)   Are all Mr. Brown's teeth bad ?
(f)   Why does Mr. Brown give his mouth a wash after the tooth has been taken out ?