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    　　<br>　　（图片来自网络）<br>　　澳大利亚莫道克大学（Murdoch University）医学遗传学家阿兰·比特勒斯近日出版新书《血缘背景关系》，让一向站在“优生优育”对立面的“表亲结婚”变成“误读的常识”。在世界范围内，不管过去还是现在，表亲间通婚都非罕见现象，很多研究都已经证实表亲结婚鲜有惨剧。阿兰·比特勒斯也从遗传学的角度，论证了这个事实——表亲通婚风险被人为夸大，对此问题更为科学的态度应是：注意家族遗传病史，而非绝对禁止近亲婚配。<br> <br>　　表亲结婚本非禁忌，在世界各地普遍存在<br>　　美国人类学家韦斯特马克在《人类婚姻史》中提到了人类婚姻的普遍禁忌：“在外婚诸规则中， 以禁止子与母、父与女通婚的规则的应用为最广。事实上此种规则，似普遍通行于人类。”而“禁止同一父母所生的兄弟姊妹通婚的外婚规则, 殆与上述的规则同样普遍通行。”可见，在全世界各种文化中，对父女、母子以及兄妹通婚都是禁忌的，但表亲通婚不在其列。<br> <br>　　一项世界范围的统计也证实了这一点，仅以第一代表（堂）兄妹为例：北美和西欧首代表（堂）兄弟姐妹通婚率一般为l%；南美较高，为0.5-3%；亚洲则最为普遍，日本平均可以到达5一6%，而印度的农村甚至高达33.3%（Freire-Maia，Eugen，Quart）。总部位于多哈的阿拉伯基因组研究中心（Centre for Arab Genomic Studies）公布的最新研究结果显示，卡塔尔35%的婚姻为表（堂）兄妹之间结为连理。据澳大利亚莫道克大学（Murdoch University）的医学遗传学家Alan H. Bittles出版的《血缘背景关系》（Consanguinity in Context）中的数据，在全球范围内，有超过10%的人是与远房堂（表）亲或是更为亲近的亲戚结婚。在一些婚姻关系里，新人的父母之间本身也存在表亲关系。庞大的基数也涵盖了不少以严谨著称的科学家，爱因斯坦的第二位夫人就是他的表亲，美国著名遗传学家摩尔根的妻子则是他的表妹。<br> <br>　　除中国外各国法律对表亲间通婚相当宽容<br>　　各国法律对此也表现的相当宽容，除了现代中国外，对表亲间通婚几无禁止。美国的18个州不禁止表兄妹结婚，包括加利福尼亚、阿拉斯加、纽约、佛罗里达和夏威夷。日本则完全不禁止，大部分阿拉伯国家，巴基斯坦，土耳其等国家表亲间的通婚甚至是种风俗。<br> <br>　　在历史上，中国也只有明清两代禁止表兄妹结婚，而且实行起来相当灵活。<br>　　根据清律《附例》载：“姑舅两姨为婚者, 听从民便。”《红楼梦》被认为是一部比较真实展示中国封建大家族的巨著，来自美国《亚洲研究杂志》的一项由南加州大学人类学教授尤金·库拍主导的研究，通过1988年至1989年浙江省农村表亲婚姻的模式的分析，发现《红楼梦》的描述与其具有良好的连续性，表明《红楼梦》就是对中国古代婚姻关系的客观描述。在这部书中贾宝玉与林黛玉的爱情被看成是青梅竹马，可贾宝玉的父亲贾政和林黛玉的母亲贾敏就是同胞兄妹，宝玉和黛玉则是嫡亲表兄妹。宝黛的爱情被否定后，贾府为宝玉提供的人选是薛宝钗，而宝钗的母亲薛姨妈和宝玉的母亲王夫人又是姐妹俩。所以戏虐的说，《红楼梦》基本上就是表亲和表亲之间的“爱情故事”。<br> <br>　　到近代，民国依然不禁止表兄妹结婚。<br>　　比如1930年12月公布、1931年5月5日开始执行的国民政府制定的《亲属法草案》没有禁止表兄妹结婚。其中的条款是：近亲不得结婚，但表兄弟姊妹不在此限。连1950年的中华人民共和国婚姻法也没有禁止表兄妹结婚，只是在1980年的婚姻法中才规定禁止三代以内血亲结婚，就此才在内地彻底禁止了表亲间的通婚。<br> <br>　　虽然内地是禁止，但在香港，表亲间通婚却被法律所允许。根据香港法例第181章《婚姻条例》附表《血亲及姻亲关系》，并无规定表兄妹不可以结婚。香港首富李嘉诚的妻子庄明月，就是李嘉诚母亲亲哥哥的女儿，这对婚姻的结晶则是“小超人”李泽楷。类似李家这样的家庭在香港并不少见。<br> <br>　　表亲间生子患病风险被过分夸大<br>　　美国全国基因咨询学会研究人员从1965年到2000年8月间，曾对数千名婴儿进行六项大型研究，其中包括表兄妹婚配夫妇产下的后代。结果表明，表兄妹结婚对后代的危险性并不大。该项研究指出，无血缘关系的一般人婚配后其后代的基因缺陷为3%-4%，而表兄妹婚配生育的后代其基因缺陷为4．5％。美国另一位遗传学家罗宾·贝内特则认为，表（堂）兄妹结婚造成后代先天缺陷的概率只比普通人高2%-3%。上海市遗传协会近亲通婚协作组的一项针对医院病员父辈的调查也发现，医院病员的父母表亲通婚和非表亲通婚的差异并不显著。可见，表亲生子并不是“非残即傻”。2011年4月的《遗传咨询杂志》（Journal of Genetic Counseling）上刊登的一篇研究，甚至认为医生及遗传学顾问不应阻碍有亲缘关系的夫妇生育，而更应该注意家族病史。<br> <br>　　历史上不少的个案也证明表（堂）兄妹结婚并不一定造成后代弱智或其他缺陷。<br>　　进化论的创造者达尔文反对表亲间结婚，人们普遍认为这和他与表亲结婚，并有几个孩子早夭有关。但实际上，根据俄亥俄州立大学进化、生态和有机生物部门的荣誉教授Tim Berra主持的已发表在《科学美国人》上的研究却证实，达尔文的孩子中没有任何明显记录在案的身体或心理上的畸形，那三个死去的孩子都是由于感染肺结核等传染性疾病死亡的。而Berra和他的同事们对于达尔文和其妻子家族四代中的25个核心家庭的进一步研究发现，他们家族中儿童死亡率比当时总体人口总的儿童死亡率还要低。中国优生学奠基者，曾担任清华大学图书馆馆长潘光旦的调查则发现，达尔文的存活孩子们不但没有低智，反而十分优秀。幸存的孩子中有三人为英国皇家学会会员www.41153.com，还有一子被委任为皇家工程师。另一个例子是现代“优生学”的奠基人高尔顿，他的父母其实也是表亲的关系。<br> <br>　　医学遗传学家Alan H.Bittles在2011年3月的《科学》杂志上发表的研究认为，从生理学上来讲，有血缘关系的夫妻怀孕时流产的风险要低一些，这种婚配方式还会产生一种名为“基因清洗”的有利效应。这种效应使疾病基因得到暴露并且逐渐从基因库中消除。若缺乏“基因清洗”效应，一些因基因变异所导致的疾病有可能会越来越多。意大利卡拉布里亚大学的Giuseppe Passarino最近的一项研究也提到了表亲间通婚的益处。他通过分析意大利南部一个地理位置上处于比较隔绝状态地区的人口数据，虽然证实了表亲通婚会使得孩子某些遗传病的发病率有所增加，但倘若没有患上这些遗传病，那么其寿命要更长，这形成一种优势聚集。而且这种优势聚集不但表现在寿命上，还体现在智力上，这里最出名的例子来自犹太人，由于长期的族内通婚，犹太人中涌现出了大量优秀的人才，比如前文提到的爱因斯坦，再比如欧洲最古老的银行世家罗斯查尔德家族。<br> <br>　　在更久远的年代,因为人类所处地理环境特殊，交通不便，人口流动性小，异族通婚率很低，但低异族通婚率也没有妨碍人类的延续。现今，因人口流动性增加，表亲婚姻这种现象只会越来越少，没有必要担忧。禁止表亲间通婚只不过是限制人口政策的产物。中国在建国后大量鼓励生育，而后又一刀切的限制生育——当时为了尽量减少结婚产子的几率，就通过1980年的婚姻法对表亲间通婚做了禁止。可在证据尚不明晰的情况下，一刀切的禁止表亲间通婚并没有道理。<br>

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