我为什么批评人大附中？

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　　来源：杨东平搜狐博客
　　有人很不理解我为什么有时会忍不住批评人大附中，甚至猜测有什么私怨。其实我与人大附中没有任何"过节"，与重点学校也没有深仇大恨。我本人毕业于上海市上海中学，也是一所著名的重点学校。
　　作为一名教育公共政策、教育公平的研究者，我除了关注农村教育、农民工子弟教育，也关注大城市义务教育阶段炽烈的择校竞争，奥数培训、应试教育等乱象，这些公众最不满意的教育问题，也是国家促进义务教育均衡发展整治解决的重点问题。因此，就不能不关注人大附中了。人大附中的辉煌业绩众所周知，每年的"北清率"是其他名校的数倍，今年约160名左右。但在大约十年前，人大附中与其它名校还是平起平坐的，"北清率"远低于北京四中。人大附中崛起的"秘密"是什么呢？
　　90年代末，为了维护义务教育的正常秩序，教育部要求示范性高中必须与初中脱钩。人大附中和另外5所高中以进行教育实验之需，申请保留初中部。这便成为"噩梦"的开始。人大附中创办仁华学校，率先举办面向小学生的奥数培训，从小学三年级开始，每周考试排名，一轮轮淘汰，为初中选拔高分学生。这一"教育模式"为其余名校效仿，小学生奥数培训、"占坑班"、择校费等等逐渐火爆，从海淀走向北京，从北京走向全国，人大附中的作用功不可没。
　　今天，上海、江苏、浙江等绝大多数地方，仍然遵守示范性高中不得举办初中的规定，并作为评价示范性高中的前提条件。而北京大多数重点高中，包括四中、八中，为了能够与人大附中"公平竞争"，纷纷恢复已经取消的初中，从而在义务教育的初中阶段形成一批重点学校。这就是为什么北京市的小升初竞争特别激烈的制度原因。
　　评价一所学校的价值、功能，首先需要区别义务教育和非义务教育。因为义务教育是用国家财政举办的保障性的基本公共服务，是非选拔性、非淘汰性、非竞争性、必须一视同仁的教育。人大附中如果仅仅是高中，它或许可以算是一所优秀学校。但是它同时举办初中，初中入学又是高度选拔性的，违反了《义务教育法》的规定。它作为公办学校的合法性应当如何体现？
　　推而广之，人大附中是一类学校的缩影。任何一个地区，集中资源打造一二所金光灿灿的"牛校"都并非难事，这种巨无霸式的"超级中学"正在成为令人担忧的现象。这些重点学校之所以不太令人尊重，因为其"做大做强"是靠特殊政策"掐尖"，将本地所有优秀教师和高分学生全部纳入彀中，用优秀学生为自己贴金。将"群雄竞起"变为"一枝独秀"，"竖起一个杆，倒掉一大片"，这样的成功往往是以破坏一地的教育生态、损害学生整体的教育利益为代价的，一些地方已经出现了"县中沦陷"的现象。北京的名校还有一个最缺德之处，就是它已经占尽了各种优势，还要到处去挖外省的特级教师、高级教师。人家培养一个优秀教师容易吗？这难道不是不择手段的损人利己、不是在继续扩大教育差距？这样的学校这样的做法，其示范性、公益性究竟何在？
　　因此，单独成就一所学校的辉煌，其意义是有限的。记得几年前在我们举行的一次研讨会上，刘彭芝校长介绍人大附中的成就，说学校开设十多门外语，包括西班牙语、意大利语等。在座的普通学校、农村学校校长忍不住了，说我们连一门英语都开不全，这并不说明你教育办得特别好，只不过说明你特别有钱。如果我有那么多钱，也可以开13门外语。刘校长显然不能理解这种批评的价值，委屈流泪，说我把学校办好还成反革命了。
　　人大附中仍然有机会超越"牛校"，而成为一所真正令人尊敬的学校。它需要超越只计较一校之得失的狭隘的校际竞争，具有更大的胸怀、关怀和社会责任。其前提，首先是依法办学。
　　人大附中的初中，是否应当遵守《义务教育法》的规定，实行免费、免试、就近入学？能否公布就近入学学生的比例？退一步说，可以开展创新人才培养的试点和超前选拔，而天资聪慧的儿童在不同阶层的分布应当是大致相同的。人大附中能否公开生源的家庭背景和阶层分布，看其是否符合公办学校保障教育公平的价值，能否回应社会关于"权贵化"的质疑？
　　人大附中声称没有收取过捐资助学费。我们的好奇心在于，它巨额的教育成本、超高的教师待遇是如何实现的，难道是来自政府或大学的超常投资？为什么其他的学校开不出13门外语？作为一所公办学校，其财务状况能否公开并接受社会检验？
　　还有，作为公办的示范性高中，人大附中能否率先执行《教育规划纲要》提出的将部分招生名额下放至普通初中（教育部要求是不低于30%），以及开展教师交流的要求？
　　放眼望去，国内许多重点学校已经走出了校际竞争、应试教育的狭窄轨道，最近的例子是杭州、成都的重点学校，在促进义务教育均衡发展、促进教育公平和教育创新的大局中履行职责，发挥作用。北京的重点学校也需要这样的转型和变革。

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