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Jews and Moors who had converted to Christianity
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Overnight her rich and pampered young womanhood was transformed into a living nightmare. Consumed by regret, and such remorse that it is painful to even contemplate,carrera brillen, her tragedy reduces to a harrowing personal level the infinitely greater horror that was about to engulf the Spanish for the ensuing almost four centuries. This then, is the story of La Susana Diego de Susan, one of the richest, and most powerful man in Seville, sat on his balcony with his wife and daughter,oakley outlet, La Susana. No doubt, as he sat there, his gaze strayed often to her for he loved her dearly.
She was not his natural daughter, but the illegitimate child of his wife, whom he had taken willingly into his household as his own daughter. Susana was so beautiful that she was known as " La Hermosa Hembra " " The Beautiful Woman " - as if hers was the measure of all female beauty. But despite - or perhaps because of her beauty,ray ban outlet, and the richness of her life - La Susana was fatally immature, wayward and wilful, and the grisly tragedy that followed had its genesis in these flaws in her character.
This was a sombre day in Seville, for the Cortes had recently met in Toledo, and certain edicts had been unanimously approved by it, and Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, whereby the restrictions on the Jews of Spain were to be re-enforced. The proclamation had been read in Seville that day : henceforth all Jews were to wear the red circle on their shoulders that identified them as such; they were to keep within the walls of the juderia by day, the gates of which would be locked at night. They were also forbidden to become an apothecary, doctor, surgeon or innkeeper. The persecution of former times was to be renewed.
This re-imposition of the laws,occhiali oakley, which had largely lapsed in Seville and elsewhere in Spain, had come about because many conversos,gafas carrera, or New Christians ( Jews and Moors who had converted to Christianity ) practised, or were suspected of practising, their ancient rites in secret. This, to such religious bigots as Isabella and Ferdinand was intolerable heresy, which must be extirpated by any means. The Holy Office - the Inquisition - already existed in Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia, but they were lethargic institutions, and the suspected heretic could easily buy or talk his way out of their clutches. They were Inquisitions on the Roman model : inefficient, dilatory, and lacking in religious zeal.
But the Inquisition that was now to be set up in Castille, and throughout Spain, was to be a radically different beast. Fuelled by the bigotry and insensate hatred of alleged heresy of such men as Tomas de Torquemada, who was to be appointed Grand Inquisitor, and his deputy in Seville, Alonso de Ojeda, it was to prove one of the most cruel and pitiless institutions in human history : and the most enduring. The grasping and avaricious Ferdinand, saw in the setting up of the Inquisition the way to replenish his Treasury,a Spanish tragedy, sorely depleted by the campaigns against the Moors, for the wealth of a proven heretic was to revert to the State and the new Inquisition.
The procession that the de Susan family watched, as it wound along the streets of Seville to the monastery of Saint Paul, was sombre and funereal. At the head came a barefoot Dominican monk bearing a tall white cross, followed by the Inquisitors and the alguazils, their familiars,carrera outlet, and a troop of halberdiers. The solemnity of the procession, and the cruel faces of the Inquisitors struck the normally exuberant Sevillanos into an awed and frightened silence.
As a New Christian himself, Diego de Susan was deeply perturbed and angry at this re-imposition of repressive laws, for the prosperity of Seville depended largely upon the many businesses run by Jews. Quite apart from the injustice of it all,carrera outlet, great unemployment among the Christians must surely result from this restriction on Jewish enterprise, and he determined to resist.
Calling together a group of the most powerful and influential merchants and public officials of Seville, he plotted with them how best the Inquisitors might be turned out of the city. Perhaps, if a sufficiently powerful opposition was shown to the setting up of the Inquisition, Isabella and Ferdinand would have a change of heart. This was a fatal underestimation of the enemy.
One cannot know what passed between de Susan and Susana, but one may easily imagine his horror and chagrin at learning that, not only had she overheard his plotting, but she was pregnant. His supposedly chaste daughter had fallen into the same immoral habits as her mother, and despite his having kept a vigilant eye on her, she had had a lover for many months.
That there was a confrontation there is no doubt, for a distraught Susana fled from the house, and was seen wandering the streets weeping and wailing. It is not know for certain whether she herself, or her lover, reported her father's plot to the Inquisitors, but in one way or another it came to their notice. De Susan found La Susana in the streets and took her home, but by then it was too late, for the alguazils were already there. He was taken to the monastery of Saint Paul, where Alonso de Ojeda awaited him in the torture chambers.
On February 6th 1483, de Susan and five other influential men were burnt at the stake on the quemadero ( burning place ) in the fields of La Tablada in Seville. There can be little doub tthat, although their alleged offence was heresy, the Inquisitors saw their deaths as a perfect means of suppressing all opposition to the setting up of the Inquisition : and Ferdinand of getting his hands on their wealth.
Was Susana present at this, the first of many autos de fe at Tablada? Did she see her father being burned at the stake, as the result of what might well have been a fit of childish pique on her part? It is not known for certain. But Reginaldo Rubino, the Bishop of Tiberiades met her wandering in a demented state, looking more like a shabby beggar than the once beautiful la hermosa hembra.
She confessed to him her betrayal of her father, and he took her to a convent, bidding the nuns give her shelter, so that later she might take the veil. But her wild and passionate nature, riven by grief at her betrayal, could not long endure the austere life of the convent, and she escaped, and became a prostitute.
In the course of this profession, she bore several children, ( history does not record what became of them ) but, as her beauty faded, her noble clients lost interest in her, and she later went to live with a humble grocer in Seville. Dying in poverty, she asked that her skull be placed over the door of the house where she had been a prostitute. Whether this was to serve as a reminder of the sinful life that she had led, or of her great betrayal is not clear, but the skull remained there for centuries, and of course numerous legends arose ; some saying that it spoke to them, and others that it lamented Susana's sins in the night.
Poor Susana! What a fearful and grisly price to pay for … what? What exactly were her motives in her betrayal of one that she undoubtedly loved dearly? I prefer the charitable interpretation that the shame of her pregnancy had unbalanced her mind, and that she really did not grasp the significance of her act. No doubt she imagined that her beloved father was being subjected to a firm, but gentle interrogation by Ojeda,carrera outlet, there in the monastery of Saint Paul.
In her defence, it must be said that nobody at that time could conceive of the horror to come ; could not imagine the bestial cruelty of the Inquisitors. No normal human mind could have conceived of how far these Christian " holy men " had departed from the teachings of the gentle, compassionate and forgiving Jesus.
Given their powerful love of family,a Spanish tragedy, it would have been inconceivable to the Spanish that priests and monks could torture and burn to death men, women and children for their failure to adhere to their own rigid interpretation of His religion. The Spanish were as uncomprehending of what was about to overwhelm them as were the Jews of the 1930s and 1940s.
By the torture and murder of innocent children the Inquisition made a grisly mockery of Christ's words " Suffer the little children to come unto me ", for in their warped and perverted minds they were not sending them to Jesus, but condemning them to Hell for eternity. In their cruel and bigoted hearts and minds, all unheeded went the words of the Saviour : " There is rejoicing in Heaven over the sinner saved. "
These men, if one may dignify them with such an appellation, for they were infinitely worse than beasts, had no intention of saving the sinner, but of sending him to damnation : but only after having given him an earthly taste of Hell's torments. To subject another human to torture and death by fire in a political cause is unforgivable : when inflicted in the cause of religion it is an abomination.
I find it incomprehensible that the ancestors of the gentle, warm-hearted Spanish among whom I now live could have made a fiesta of the burning of alleged heretics at the regular autos de fe that occurred all over Spain for over three centuries. ( Established in 1483,occhiali carrera, the Spanish Inquisition was not finally abolished until 1836. )
I just goes to show how terrifying easy it is over time to make murderous bigotry and hatred take root in a populace ; for did not the English mob witness with the same enthusiasm the barbecuing of Latimer and Ridley?
Initially, the full wrath of the Spanish Inquisition fell upon the Jews and the Moors, but innumerable fellow Catholics,oakley outlet, Protestants, foreign seaman and travellers in Spain and her empire suffered at its hands. The Spanish Inquisition also played major role in the decline of Spain's empire, and in ensuring that she remained primitive and backward until well into the 20th century.
The expulsions of the Jews from Spain in 1492, and later, impoverished Spain, and enriched her neighbours. This lesson was completely lost on Hitler, who, had he utilised the brilliant talents of Europe's Jewish physicists, would have had the atomic bomb before the Allies : and have probably thereby won the Second World War.
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发表于 2013-6-9 05:04:07
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