STEP  3

	VOCABULARY
Nouns		Structure Words
arm		come -- go	click   come   go
box		give -- get	click
hand	click	across	click
man		at	click
office		of
pocket		to -- from	click
shelf		with
side		he , she
ticket		here -- there

STRUCTURE
1 . Nouns
PLURAL FORMS
    There are two nouns in this Step whose plurals are not formed in the regular way by the addition of s.
man     -- men
woman -- women
    All nouns ending in o, s, x, ch (except stomach, see Step 18), or sh add e before the s of the plural.
box   -- boxes
    some nouns ending in f or fe change these letters to ve before the s of the plural. In this Step we have:
shelf   -- shelves

NOUNS USED TO QUALIFY OTHER NOUNS
    A noun may be used like an adjective before another noun to qualify it in various ways that will generally be self-evident from the respective senses of the nouns concerned. Like a true adjective, a noun so used is not plural even when the noun it qualifies is.¹
    Here are three examples :
the office floor   (the floor of the office)
a side door     (a door in the side of the building)
the office floors
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^{1 .} Some exceptions to this rule, however, occur with men and women (see example, p. 156, Section 3).
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2 . Adjectives
    Other is, like my, a non-descriptive adjective, and as such it is used only before a noun, never linked to it by be. In accordance with the general rule, it precedes descriptive adjectives before a noun, but it follows any other non-descriptive adjectives with which it is used. It cannot be used with a singular noun naming a single thing without an (see Section 3), the, or some non-descriptive adjective before it.²
The other ticket is in my other pocket.
Other white tickets are in the box.
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^{2 .} When it is preceded by an, the two words are written as a compound (see Section 9).
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3 . A and An
    As noted in Step 1, the form an is used instead of a before a word starting with a vowel sound. A becomes an before a word starting with a vowel sound
an office.
an arm

4 . Pronouns
    Turn to the Table of Pronouns on page 3 and learn the forms of the First Person Singular and the Third Person Singular. You already know I, my, and it. Examples of all these forms will be given in the next Section.
    The form for the object (me, him, her, etc.) is used after operators (with the exception of is, are, and other forms of be) and after prepositions.

5 . Operators

Root Form  ;	Past	Present	Future
GIVE	GAVE	GIVE but, he, she, it, etc.   GIVES	WILL GIVE
GET	GOT	GET but, he, she, it, etc. GETS	WILL GET
COME	CAME	COME but, he, she, it, etc. COMES	WILL COME
GO	WENT	GO but, he, she, it, etc. GOES	WILL GO


    The chief tenses of the four new operators taught in this Step are given in the above Table. Here you will learn only the Present Tense.
    Turn also to the Table of Operators on page 5. You will note that the Third Person Singular of the Present Tense of put and take is formed in the same way as that of the operators listed here. One more irregular form, the First Person Singular am, completes the Present Tense of be.
    Anything which moves towards the speaker comes ; anything which moves away from the speaker goes.
    To is used after give to point to the receiver of what is given, and from is used after get to point to the giver or source of what is got.
I am a women.     She is a woman.     He is a man.
I give a book to the woman.
She gets it from me and gives it to the man.
The other man takes it from him and puts it in his pocket.
He and she give a box of the other woman.
I take the box from her.
I am in her room. Its walls are white. He comes from this office to her house. He and she come to my room. He and I go from the houses. I go to my house and he goes to his house.

    So far, take has been used as the opposite of put (that is, in the sense of transfer from a position as opposed to transfer to a position). It is now to be noted that it may also be used with to or some other preposition indicating destination, in the general sense of "transport" or 'convey."
I take the tickets to my office.

    On the other hand, take may be used without any sort of preposition in the sense of "take hold of" or, more generally, "take possession of".
He takes her book and goes to the table.


6 . Prepositions
    The fundamental use of of is as the sign for the relation of "belonging to" or "being owned by," in which sense it always comes between the name of something and the name of that to which it belongs. Of does not now name a position in space, but it was originally the same word as off, and it may be helpful to the learner to connect the two by reflecting that a part taken off something "belongs to" it in the sense of having come from it.
This is the cover of the box.
That is the house of the other man. .

    The use of the opposites to and from has been illustrated in the previous section connection with come and go, give and get. In addition, you will see there a similar use of from after take. It is to be noted that take from expresses mere removal, whereas take off is used only when removal is from a position on. In their root sense, to and from are never used directly after be..
    At is the preposition used generally for indicating location. A thing is said to be at a place (that is, a point or area in space) or at some object which marks its position more or less exactly (that is, within the boundary of which, or near which, it is ).
The man is at the house.³
She is at the door.

    In this last example, at is very close in sense to by, but to be at the door is not merely to be near (by) it, but as nearly as possible in the same position of space with it, that is, right up to it. In addition, at is something used to give the idea that one object is near another for a purpose.
The seat is at the table.       (In a position to be used in connection with it)
    The sense of accompaniment expressed by with is extended to cover the idea of "having" (as a part or in one's possession).
I am in the room with him.
She goes to the office with him.
This is a box with a cover.
He gives the tickets to the woman with the black book.

    Across completes the prepositions introduced in this Step.
His arm is across the box.
She goes across the room.
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^{3 .} Here the specific position might be by or in, but note that at cannot be used where in could be substituted except in relation to buildings or named towns.
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7. Adverbs    n The commonest position for an adverb qualifying an operator is at the end of the statement.
she puts the flowers here.
He takes the picture with the white frame there.
The man is here and the woman is there.

    Like a phrase starting with a preposition (see page 6), an adverb of place or time may be put after a noun.
The flowers here are white.

    Not is the adverb which forms the negative.

8 . Negative Statements
    In statements with be , the adverb not is placed directly after the operator. The way in which the negative is formed with other operators will be dealt with later.
This is a shelf.
This is not a shelf.
The sides of the boxes are not black.
The ticket is not in his hand.

9 . Compounds
    In English, compound words are formed very freely and the sense of the compound is generally self-evident. Mos of the compounds used in Basic are of this straightforward kind, though there are a small number whose sense needs explaining.
    We have already seen that two nouns may be used together, the first qualifying the second. Compounds are frequently formed by joining two such nouns, one of the common types being that in which the first noun indicates the purpose or function of the thing named by the second. Sometimes the two nouns are simply out together as one undivided word, sometimes they are joined by a hyphen.
bedroom(bedrooms) ⁴     (room for sleeping in)
bookshelf ⁴     (shelf for books)
ticket-office       (office where tickets are sold)

    Compounds may also be formed with other parts of speech, but these are both rarer and, generally, less obvious in sense than the noun compounds. They will be introduced and explained individually int he course of the book, but we may give here tow simple examples.
another ( an additional or different)
She gets another ticket.
He is in another office.
into ( which is used in place of in to indicate motion from out to in where here is not ambiguity, however, as with put and get, either in or into may be used for this sense.)
I take the box into the office.

10 . Varying the Word Order
    In the first two Steps, only the simplest word order needed for making statements was used. Naturally, the pattern of English sentences is not as rigid as this. for example, for the purposes of emphasis, or to avoid monotony, we frequently put an adverb or phrase indicating place, time, or manner at the beginning of the statement instead of at the end.
The woman goes to the seat. From it she takes a cushion.
In this building, the rooms are offices.

There the windows are narrow ; here they are wide.
    Certain special rules which apply when the operator is be will be noted later.
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^{4 .} The first noun in a compound noun is a noun used like an adjective, and so is singular, in accordance with the rule on page 11.
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EXERCISES

[ pictures of woman buying a ticket]

    1 . Describe in Basic what is taking place in each of these pictures, assuming first that the man, and then the woman, is "I". Use pronouns for the persons.

    2 . Turn these sentences into negatives :
(a) This is the hand of a man.
(b) I am at the door of the office.
(c) Those are boxes and this is a frame.
(d) His books are on the other shelves.

    3 . Define the following and use each of them in a sentence :
(a) flower-pot
(b) picture-frame
(c) cushion-cover

    4 . Put preposition in the blanks in these sentences :
(a)   I give a book _____ my friend.
(b)   She goes _____ me.
(c)   This side _____ the ticket is white.
(d)   I put the ticket _____ my pocket.

    5 . Translate into Basic :
(The following sentences should be given to the learner in his own language for translation into Basic.)
Teacher's Link

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STEP  4 .   At the Station

	VOCABULARY
Nouns		Adjectives
back		frequent
bag
flag
friend
front
porter
road
station
store
street
train

AT THE STATION

    That is the road to the station. My house is in this street. It is not by the station. Those stores are between it and the station. My house is here. The station is there. This is the front of the station. The back of it is in another street.
    I go to my office in a train. Trains to and from the station are frequent.
    I am with a friend He goes with me to the station. He is an office friend.
    At the station I get tickets. That is the window of the ticket-office. I get the tickets from the man at the window. These are the tickets. I give a ticket to my friend and put the other in my pocket.
    Those men there are the station porters. My friend puts his bag on his box and gets a porter. The porter takes the bag and the box.
    a woman comes into the station with flowers in her hand and a bag and a cushion under her arm.² In her other hand is a book. Its cover is white. Her box is by the ticket-office. another porter goes with her and gets the box. It is a round box.
    The train in the station is not my train. It is a slow train. My train is a quick train.
    Here is my train. the back of the train is full. The front of the train is not full. the porter goes to the front and my friend and I go with him. The porter is quick and gets a seat by the window and another seat by its side. I give the seat by the window to my friend and I go to the other seat. The porter gives the bag to me and i put it across the seat between me and my friend. The shelf over the seats is full. the porter takes the box with other to the back of the train.
    The woman with the flowers comes to the door. She takes the cushion from her porter and puts it on the seat my me.
    A man with a flag in his hand comes to the front of the train and the trains goes.

Notes

trains to and from the station == trains coming to the station and trains going from it.
an office friend : That is, a friend among one's colleagues at one's office.
I put the other in my pocket : The other is a short way of saying the other ticket. There are quite a number of adjectives which may be used in this way (as pronouns) when the noun they qualify is understood. We shall note them as they come in. Other is the only one that forms a plural, like a noun, by the addition of s. Note that in the plural, it need not have the, etc. , before it (see with others later in text). -- The compound another may also be a pronoun.
with flowers in her hand and a bag and a cushion under her arm : In English; possessive adjectives are used before nouns naming parts of the body in cases where other languages might use the word for the or word at all. -- Note that, when a preposition points to two nouns joined by and, it is not usually repeated.
in her other hand is a book : An adverb etc. may be put at the beginning of a statement of which the operator is be not completed by a noun or adjective (compare the last two examples on p. 15) only when the subject is not a personal pronoun., But note that in this case the subject is put after the operator.
here is my train : This order with be (subject to the condition stated above) is obligatory with here and there when they are not emphatic, that is, not used definitively to distinguish "this place" from "that place." Compare the order above : My house is here. The station is there. -- The possessive adjectives are used very widely in English to indicate that a thing relates in some way to the person or persons in question.
the back of the train : } Back and front may be used loosely for 'the more or less rear portion'
the front of the train : } and 'the more or less forward portion.'

EXERCISES

1 . Describe in Basic what you see in the picture bringing in as many new words as you can.

2 . Fill in each blank with one of the new words you have learned in this Step :
(a)   My train comes into the _____.
(b)   She goes to the _____ and gets a book.
(c)   His office is in another _____.
(d)   the box on the floor is _____.

3 .Change the word order in these sentences.
(a)   A porter is with my friend.
(b)   A man with a flag is by the train.
(c)   Here is the station and there is his house.
(d)   The man takes a ticket from his pocket.

4. Substitute a pronoun form for the words in black print.
(a)   The porter gives the bag to the woman.
(b)   Here is my house. The front of the house is in this street and the back of the house is in that street.
(c)   My friend takes the man to his seat.
(d)   The woman goes off the road.

5.   Make up sentences using :   not , at , by , of , am.

6.   Translate into Basic :
Teacher's Link

7.   Answer in Basic :
(a)   Who goes with you to the station ?
(b)   Which part of the train is full ?
(c)   What is under the woman's arm ?
(d)   How do you go to the office ?
(e)   Is your train a quick one or a slow one ?
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