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Solar photovoltaic power generation development ov
Solarphotovoltaic power generation is the most rapidly developing ,and the most promising renewable energy industry .Since 1990 ,the global annual output from 46 megawatts photovoltaic component is increased to 23.
5GW in 2010, 20 years has increased more than 500 times ,the average annual compound growth rate of more than 36.5% .As of 2010 the global PV accumulated installed capacity achieved 40GW ,nearly 5 years the growth rate of more than 49% .
This growth rate makes the PV industry is so far one of the fastest growing industries .Looking to the future ,the International Energy Agency is expected to 2020 photovoltaic power generation in many areas to reach grid parity ,to 2050 to provide global 11% of generating capacity ,hollister.
One ,current situation of the development of the European Union in September 5, 2011 ,joint research center for energy and Transportation Research Institute released its annual report on statistical analysis PV status report 2011 ,to over 300 global enterprises and related findings are summarized and evaluated .
According to the report ,from the photovoltaic module production situation, over the past few years has undergone significant changes ,the Chinese mainland has become a major global solar cells and components manufacturing center in China ,followed by Taiwan ,Germany and japan .
The top 20 global manufacturers of solar cells ,there are 8 Chinese enterprises ,5 enterprises in Europe and America ,4 enterprises in Taiwan ,the 3 Japan enterprise ,mainland China has 6 enterprises to enter the top ten .
From the photovoltaic installation situation, the European Union by virtue of its total installed capacity of more than 29 GW ,ahead of other countries and regions .As of the end of 2010 ,the European Photovoltaic installation accounted for the global PV installed more than 70% of the total .
In terms of price ,the PV market supply demand from restricted to drive change, and photovoltaic component overcapacity ,within the last 3 years the price of photovoltaic components is reduced considerably, drop close to 50% .
The future of PV system cost reduction will depend not only on the solar cell and module technology improved and expanded the scale benefit ,but also depends on the components of the system cost and overall planning ,installation ,operation ,licensing and reduce cost of financing ,abercrombie.
Expected ,the field of photovoltaic technology investment from 350 in 2010 to 40000000000 Euro doubled to 70000000000 euros in 2015 ,the component terminal prices will continue to decline .In terms of technical development, crystalline silicon solar cells is still the mainstream technology ,in 2010 the market share accounted for about 85% ,at present, the main advantage is the ability to in a relatively short period of time ,assembly and operation production .
But because of the silicon raw material shortage and stage for new enterprises to provide turnkey production lines appear, that from 2005 to 2009 ,thin film solar cell investment increases greatly ,at present this industry has more than 200 enterprises .
In addition ,concentrating photovoltaic ( CPV ) is an emerging market ,including two approaches : one is the high concentration multiple, more than 300 sunshine intensity ;another is the low concentration ratio ,abercrombie france,the coefficient is in 2 ～ 300 between.
The current CPV market share is very low ,abercrombie france,but there are more and more enterprises begin to pay close attention to the field .In 2008 the CPV output of about 10 MW ,is expected in 2010 in 10 ～ 20 MW,is expected to reach 100 by 2011 to 200 mw .
In addition ,the PV market driven by overall growth ,dye sensitized solar cell is ready to enter the market ,such a battery is mainly composed of the nano-porous semiconductor film ,a dye sensitizer ,redox electrolyte ,electrode and the conductive substrate such as a few parts ,Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries have invested large amounts of funds for research and development .
In September 6, 2011 two ,competitiveness ,the European Photovoltaic Industry Association ( EPIA ) released the latest photovoltaic competitive analysis report photovoltaic solar energy in the energy sector to compete in the competition on the road ,a comprehensive analysis of the 5 solar photovoltaic industry in major markets ,including France ,Germany ,jordan,Italy ,Spain and the uk .
Analysis results show that ,in some countries, the earliest in 2013, may realize the photovoltaic industry competitiveness ,to 2020 in the broader market competitiveness .In recent years have been demonstrated in the appropriate regulatory framework,hollister france, solar photovoltaic power generation technology can be reached in 2020 the EU energy goals is a major contribution to the force .
Report main conclusion includes :in the next 10 years, all the countries and market segments of the photovoltaic power generation system price will drop from 36% to 51% ;considering the photovoltaic power generation efficiency ,scale economy and photovoltaic market ,as well as all sources of electricity generation cost growth trends, 2020 in the European Union PV power market is competitive ;in many EU countries from south to north of solar radiation at different levels, and different market segments ,Europe is not achieved at the same time the photovoltaic technology competitiveness ;the whole of Europe PV competitive implementation will require regulatory framework of political commitment ,support technology development ,and to eliminate the market distortion ,doudoune moncler.
Three ,restricted factors like any other emerging industries, photovoltaic industry also exists some problems that can not be ignored ,will restrict its further development .The international society for the development of photovoltaic industry restrict an element also has a different voice :1 photovoltaic flourish or cause lead contamination of the United States of America Knoxville campus of the University of Tennessee in civil and environmental engineering assistant professor Chris Cherry led a study found that ,because of the solar power relies heavily on lead-acid battery to store energy, to 2022 ,China and India solar photovoltaic industry a direct result of lead pollution may be equivalent to the 2009 global crop of lead of 1/3 ;the two developing countries due to the lead mining ,smelting ,manufacture and repeated use of life cycle aspects of low efficiency ,may produce more than 2400000 tons of lead pollutants ;other developing countries also may appear similar to the problem of .
Research indicates that ,the lead metal mining and smelting industry should undertake technical reformation to improve the conversion efficiency of the solar photovoltaic industry ,should carry out the lead recovery and recycling program ;and the government is in the national solar plan needs to be considered to lead storage battery industry environmental protection investment in formulating policies ,battery recycling .
If the situation does not improve, lead battery will cause environmental pollution as well as workers and children lead poisoning ,such as nerve damage ,renal failure ,cardiovascular system and reproductive system .
The 2 material shortage will hinder the thin film PV development in 2011 July,moncler, the UK Energy Research Centre ( UKERC ) was released entitled the availability of materials :low carbon economy in the future potential constraints report ,based on the solar cell conversion efficiency of thickness ,and other materials used in the main driving factors of different hypotheses ,and to global Indium Telluride demand and supply situation is evaluated .
The report points out, indium and tellurium is currently the mainstream film solar cell ( CIGS ,CdTe ) of the key material, although the film photovoltaic market grows rapidly ,but in the short term photovoltaic equipment material demand can be met ;but in the long run ,if for the next 20 years the market growth rate and high growth prediction scenarios consistent even beyond ,thin film photovoltaic equipment material demand will greatly exceed the current global production ,such as tellurium demand growth may be as high as 1800% ,indium ( also used for flat panel display manufacturing ) production may need to increase from 12% to 170% ,hollister.
And about the two kinds of rare metals the future supply of information is insufficient ( such as different sources of yield ,reserves or resource prediction value differs very far ) ,the existing research work to determine the expansion of output can meet the demand ,still need more work and collect more comprehensive data to further discuss this problem .
3 use of photovoltaic power generation needs to suit one in July 6, 2011, the United States Institute of electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) life associate Prabhu Deodhar points out, at present, some countries in the world is planning or construction of a large number of megawatt solar photovoltaic power station ,but based on the reasons ,many experts agree that building so many large-scale concentrated solar power station waste and abuse of technology investment .
① the conventional power plant ( hydropower or power ) to near the energy resources construction ,which requires to pay a huge cost to the power delivered to the load center .Because solar energy is omnipresent ,available in the energy needs of the local local collection and utilization ,www.airjordanupasachere.com,is the ideal power supply ,avoids the high voltage transmission line loss caused by .
The photovoltaic power generation has a truly modular advantage .It can be passed from a few kilowatts to 20 megawatts or even 200 megawatts of different size to realize cost benefit .A 10 kilowatt power station or 150 MW power station per watt of solar power generation cost is the same ,but the cost of land and other &ldquo ;soft cost &rdquo ;the more expensive large power station .
Therefore ,the large solar photovoltaic power plant no &ldquo ;scale advantages &rdquo ;.In fact ,since the inverter power limited ,all the megawatt solar power station basically is the number of power station of 500 kilowatt clusters, using one hundred seat of power station of 500 kilowatt instead of individual 50 MW power station more practical .
③ megawattsolar photovoltaic power plants the biggest problem is that ,when the electrical energy through a series of electric power transformer, loss rate of 12% ~ 15% .Solar photovoltaic power generation using 400 V three-phase inverter .
In the large power station ,first by several power transformers will increase the voltage to 66000 volts or more ,and then through the transformer to 400 volts to meet consumer demand .In addition ,in power transmission and 5% ～ 7%loss ,air jordan pas cher.
And what form bright contrast with this is ,the smaller the solar power station close to the user ,in the process of conveying almost has no energy loss .The solar photovoltaic power generation is one of the main constraints per kilowatt occupy larger space ,can be more valuable by using land use ,instead of being covered by the solar battery component .
Large solar power were often built in remote areas ,may lead to environmental problems or conflicts with agricultural land .Large centralized power plant related to safety and maintenance issues have become increasingly prominent .
The power flow in the power network and its network structure analysis .Large amounts of power in the power system has always been circulating in 66 kW or 132 kW level .Even into the 200 MW power is only a small part of .
So the capacity to ascend and not solve similar blackouts and power of terminal &ldquo ;high impedance &rdquo ;large fluctuation problem .Compared to the large power station, 400 volt supply usually can cogent reduce network congestion .
Voltage fluctuation occurs due to the high impedance network ,local feedback 400 volt solar power will immediately reduce the grid impedance ,and to provide a stable ,clean energy .In short ,the photovoltaic industry as the representative of clean energy new industry ,to deal with the energy problems ,hollister pas cher,plays an important role in mitigating climate warming .
But in the booming aureola still exist such as environmental pollution ,shortage of materials ,size and many other negative factors .If this did not fully understand ,and includes government ,academia ,industry ,public and other stakeholders views of overall planning ,technical upgrade and application to suit one ,will inevitably on PV industry development caused serious influence .
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发表于 2012-12-13 17:52:48
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