STEP  15

	VOCABULARY
Nouns		Adjectives
change		awake
dress		opposite
drink		tired
earth
field
foot		Structure Words
parcel		send
reading		among
spade		through
stocking		together
walk
week

STRUCTURE 1 . Nouns
   The plural of foot is irregular.
foot -- feet

2 . Adjectives
    Awake is not used before a noun.
Some of the girls are still awake.

    Opposite is an adjective naming a relation between one thing and another. Though it may come before its noun, it is often used like a preposition, or with to after it, coming before the noun or pronoun naming that which the first-named thing is said to be opposite.
The opposite wall has no pictures.
The two houses are at opposite sides of the field (that is, one house is at one side and the other at the opposite side).
The men opposite (to) us have spades.
The field is opposite the house.

3 . Operators

Root Form	Past	Present	Future
SEND	SENT	SEND     but He etc. SENDS	WILL SEND

    We come now to the Past forms of operators, so learn the Past as well as the Present an Future Forms of send, which is the last of the operators.
I send parcels to my sister frequently..
The store sends meat to our house every week.
They will send a boat with food and drink for the island.
Someone sent these flowers to my mother.
You sent no books from the library today.
    It will be seen from the above examples that the object of send may be followed by to and an indirect object. sometimes to is omitted and the indirect object put before the direct object, the same rules applying as in the case of give (see Step 11).
I sent my friend a dress for her daughter.
His mother may send him a parcel.

    The Past Forms of all the operators except be are the same for all Persons, singular and plural.
    You will have noticed that the Past of send is formed by changing the letter at the end. The other operators which form the Past in a similar way, some with a vowel change in addition, are :

DO	They did little work at night. The walk did not make me tired. Did the fishes get out of the net ?
HAVE	The church had a loud bell. We had no drink for the journey. The girls had a walk1 by the sea.
KEEP	I kept his first tooth for a long time. The women kept their hats and coats on.
MAKE	The man made a hole under the roof. Clouds made the sky dark.
SAY	A voice from the opposite side of the room said, "will you give me an answer to my questions ? The girls said to their mother, "Peter is putting his tongue out."
SEE	the dress which I saw in the store is not here today. In the morning the seamen saw land form their ship.


    Another group of operators forms the Past by changing only the middle vowel :

COME	No sound came from the direction of the prison. Some workmen with spades came into the field.
GET	She got a parcel this morning. Some sand got in his eye. His hands got a grip of the rail.
GIVE	He gave the manager his name. The seaman gave the boat a push.
TAKE	(Note that in the Past form, in addition to the middle vowel being changed, the final e is dropped.) She took one of her stockings off and kept the other on. My friends took me to a beautiful place.


    One operator forms the Past by the addition of -ed.²

SEEM	The old man seemed tired at the end of the day. All the answers seemed clear.


    There are two operators whose Past forms bear no resemblance to the Present Form :

BE	I was on the opposite side of the street when I saw him. The drink was bitter. Was the dress a blue one ? You were putting a cord round the parcel. Why were we having an argument? The gloves were almost new, but there were holes in them.
GO	A drop of water went on the book. The boys went to the harbor because a ship was coming in.


    Finally, there are two operators which make no change for the past form. The only difference between the Past and the Present is that in the Past no s is added for the Third Person Singular.

LET	The store let her take the stockings. The birds let me come quite near before they went off the branch.
PUT	The man put his spade into the earth. After our walk, we put our tired feet in warm water.

-----
1. Note that the operator have is used with walk.
2. In the full English verb-system, this is the commonest way in which to past is formed.
-----

    The -ing forms of the operators, which have already been used as adjectives, may also be used as nouns naming the activity. As nouns, they may still be followed by an object, adverb, etc. They come under the same rules as names of substances except that they are never used with a or in the plural and are very seldom preceded by descriptive adjectives.
His work is making sails.
Keeping the window open for a short time will let the smoke out.
What was your reason for saying that ?
This is the drain for taking water from the field.
Getting no answer made the man angry.
She will come back after sending the parcel.
My sister kept the stockings for a week before giving them to me.
His coming as not the reasons for her going.
    Note the use of a possessive adjective before the -ing noun to indicate the doer.

    Reading is a noun of the same sort :
Reading a book gives me pleasure.

    An order or request is, as you already know, expressed by using the root form of the operator without a subject. a request for action in which the speaker himself intends to take part is made by using let us in this way.
Let us take the earth off the potatoes.
Let us say nothing to him.
Let us be the first persons there.
Let us make a change in the advertisement.

4 . Prepositions
    Two further prepositions are introduced in this Step, among and through.
    Among is used only when more than two things are being referred to. We say between when the number is restricted to two.
There are fishes among the dark plants under the water.
Do not put the bad apple among the good ones.
He got through a hole in the wall.
There is no other way through the town.
    Through is also used adverbially.
These curtains let the light through.

    Though is also used adverbially.
These curtains let the light through.

5 . Adverbs
    The adverb together is used in connection with both place and time.
Keep your feet together.   (place)
The girls put their hand up together and said, "I have the answer." (time)
The workmen went across the field together.
We had a meal together.

EXERCISES
1 . Fill in the blanks in the sentences describing these pictures, using Past forms in the case of operators.

	A woman _____ into a _____. She _____ on a very long _____.		She _____ the plant in a box and _____ a _____.
	She _____ some flowers _____ the trees..		She _____ the parcel to her mother who _____ a book in her hands. She _____ "I _____ a _____ this morning and I _____ this.".
	She _____ _____ a hole in he wall.		She _____ a seat because she was _____.
	She _____ a plant up with a _____.		She _____ off her _____ and _____ her _____ in a basin of water.
	A woman _____ into a _____. She _____ on a very long _____.		She _____ the plant in a box and _____ a _____.


2. Answer in Basic the following questions about the story illustrated in the pictures on above :
(a) Who had a walk ?
(b) Where did the woman see the flowers ?
(c) How did she get out of the field ?
(d) How did she get the plant out of the earth ?
(e) What did she put back in the hole ?
(f) Where did she put the plant ?
(g) What did she give to her mother ?
(h) What was her mother doing ?
(i) What did she do before she put her feet in water ?
(j) Who go some warm drink for her ?
3 . You now know all the prepositions. The six pictures below illustrate all the prepositions that actually name directions or positions, and also the prepositional phrase out of. Write sentences about these pictures, bringing in each preposition in a separate sentence. The numbers in brackets under each picture indicate the number of prepositions that it illustrates.
4 . You now also know all the operators. Make sentences, using as many different operators and prepositions as you can, on the following models.

N - noun (or pronoun),   O = operator,   P = preposition,   A = adjective. You may qualify the nouns and operators as you wish.
(a)	N	O	N	P	N
(b)	N	O	P	N
(c)	N	O	N	O	P	N
(d)	N	O	N	N
(e)	N	O	N	P
(f)	N	O	N
(g)	N	O	N	A
(h)	N	O	A

5. Put the following sentences into the Past Tense :
(a) Will they have a walk before they go to the pictures ?
(b) They send a parcel to us every week.
(c) Someone lets the bath water out before I am ready.
(d) Some of the flowers in the field are yellow.
(e) These stocking will not get holes in them.
(f) The dress which you have on seems old.
(g) Reading sometimes makes my eyes tired.
(h) The workman takes his spade to the opposite side of the field.
6 . Re-write these sentences to introduce an -ing form used as a noun into each of them without changing the sense :
(a) Why did he come ?
(b) Put your name on the parcel before you send it..
(c) We got warm because we did work in the field..
(d) My mother was tired after the journey to London.
7 . Translate into Basic :
Teacher Link

< Step 14     Contents     |Terada|    Step 16 >



---



STEP   16. A Talk in the Train.

	VOCABULARY
Nouns		Nouns			Adjectives
account		opinion			cheap-- dear
card		paper
chance		price
committee		root
company		seed
desire		sleep
hope		start
idea		surprise
interest		talk

A TALK IN THE TRAIN

    I was tired and had a desire for sleep. For this reason I got into a quiet part of the train. A young woman with a an open book in her hand had a seat by the window. She seemed quiet and she did not take hr eyes off her book. "this is good," I said. "I will have a sleep."
    But chance was against me. After short time another young woman, with some parcels under her arm and a basket in her hand, came to the door. When she saw only me and one woman through the window, she got in, put her parcels down, and took a seat opposite the first woman. The train made a start and one of the parcels went onto the floor. The first woman took up the parcel, which was near her foot. When she was giving it back to the other woman, she saw her face. She was clearly an old friend. after that I had no hope of sleep. The women had loud voices and their talk kept me awake till the end of the journey. I had no interest in their talk but I will give you an account of what they said.
First Woman [with a look of surprise] : Margaret !
Friend : Mary !
First Woman : This is a surprise ! You were in Scotland when your mother gave me news of you.
Friend : Yes, I was in Scotland but I came back when my friend got married.
First Woman : Do you frequently go down by this train ?
Friend : No. I come up to town every week on the day when there is a cheap ticket. After going to the stores and getting things for the family. I sometimes go to the pictures and take the last train back. I took an early train this time because there were no good pictures. Are you doing work in town?
First Woman : Yes, I am in the office of a steel company. I come up from the country every day and I go back by this train. Having company on the journey will be a change. Reading in the train makes my eyes tired. i frequently go to sleep while I am reading.
Friend : I have food and drink with me in this basket. let us have some. (She takes food and drink out of the basket and give some to her friend.)
First Woman : That is a very good idea. I did not have time for much food today. What is the news of your family ?
Friend : There is not much. Father had a pain in his side last week and we kept him in bed, but he is up again and doing work in the garden. Mother is on almost every committee in the place and her opinions get her into trouble with all of them.
First Woman : When I saw our mother she gave me a long account of an argument she was having with the other women on the Hospital Committee about the bad food.
Friend : She made them do something in the end. After that she had trouble with the Library Committee because the Library was shut in the middle of the day.
First Woman : Where is Betty ?
Friend : She is by the sea with some friends. Mother sent her there for a change because she was tired.
First Woman : Is Bob married ?
Friend : He is waiting till he gets a house.
First Woman : I saw the girl that day when we went on the river. She is very beautiful.
Friend : She is a sweet girl and Mother and Father have a very hight opinion of her.
First Woman : There is a hole in the parcel which you put under the seat. Some earth is coming through the paper.
Friend : That is the parcel of plants which I got for Father. There is earth round their roots. I will put them in another bit of paper. Father makes me get all the plants and seeds for the garden. Last week I came back with a spade for him.
First Woman : I had a look at the windows of some of the stores this morning. The prices seemed very high.
Friend : They are high for some things but not for everything. Things for the house are dear but dresses are quite cheap. I got a very cheap dress today. But I gave a high price for these stockings for Mother and they are not very good. What is this station ? Do you see the name ?
First Woman : It is Sandbridge. Do you get out here ?
Friend : No, I will go on to Newharbor tonight. Father is waiting for me there. But I will put my parcels together because we will be there in a minute.
First Woman : You will have a long walk from Newharbor to your house with those parcels.
Friend : There is a short way across the fields and Father will take some of the parcels. The walk is good for me. Where is my ticket ? I may be among these letters in my bag.
First Woman : Is that it ?
Friend : No, that is only a card. Here it is. I put it in my pocket.
First Woman : come and see me some time and let us have another talk.
Friend : I will.

NOTES

for this reason : Note this idiomatic use of for, in the sense of 'because of,' before reason.
she seemed quiet : Quiet may be used, as here, in the sense of 'not inclined to talk or be restless or noisy.'
take her eyes off her book : When we stare at something we may say we keep our eyes on it, and when we cease to look at it, we take your eyes off it.
have a sleep : A sleep is 'a spell of sleeping, a nap.' Note that have is the operator used with it.
chance was against me : that is, 'in opposition to, antagonistic to me.' When used figuratively, against something which is pushing from the opposite direction.
made a start : Note that make is the operator used with start, and that make a start means either 'begin' generally or 'began to go, begin a journey'.
onto : Note this compound, which is parallel in use to into.
hope of sleep : The object of an emotion or attitude of mind is sometimes indicated by for (as we have seen in desire for sleep above), sometimes by of. Some nouns of feeling, etc. are used only with of, others only with for, a few with either, and two special cases with neither. Hope is one of the first sort, desire one of the second.
interest in : The thing for which interest is felt is pointed to by in. Here is one of the special cases referred to in the last note. Another word you have had that is used with in is pleasure.
an account of : of is used after words like account, news (see news of later in thee Step) in the sense of 'concerning, dealing with'; it is also used very similarly after picture, etc., in the sense of 'representing, depicting', and after look, etc. in the sense of 'indicating' (a look of surprise.).
a surprise == a thing causing surprise.
go down by this train : Compare with come up to town. One makes a journey down from London or some other big town and up to it. -- By, in addition to its root sense of 'near to,' is used for pointing to the way in which we do thing, or to the instrument, person or cause which is responsible for them. One may have a walk by the river, or go to a place by river in a boat, or go by boat. In the last two examples, where river and boat indicated the method of traveling and do not stand for any particular river or boat, note that the nouns are not qualified by a or the.
to town : London or the chief town of the district is referred to as .town without the in front of it.
every week : In is frequently omitted before week and nouns naming longer periods of time in the same way as on may be omitted form morning, day, etc.
cheap tickets : In England it is customary to issue cheap day tickets once a week to London and other big towns to enable people living in the country to go up and shop.
take the last train back : You take a train when you travel by it. Compare with take a seat. -- Note that back here goes with train == 'the last train going back.'
this time == on this occasion. Note the use of time in the sense of 'occasion.' No preposition is used with time in this sense. For another example, see come and see me some time at the end of the Step.
having company : a company is a group of persons working in association with one another. By expansion the word is used in the send of 'companionship.'
on the journey : When one is making a journey, one is said to be on it.
go to sleep == fall asleep. Note the idiom.
while I am reading : Reading is an adjective as well as a noun.
Father had a pain : Note that when mother and father are used as titles, that is, in addressing one's own mother and father, or in referring to them without using my,they are spelled with a capital letter. Thus, later in the Step, you will find your mother, but Mother and Father have a very high opinion of her.
last week : in the week before this week. Note the omission of the before last. Last may be used in this way with time-words, including night, but excluding day or any other division of it.
he is up again == no longer kept in bed by illness.
doing work in the garden : This does not mean that her father is doing work at the present moment but refers to a wider present in which an act may be in progress in the sense that it takes place from time to time.
on almost every committee : A member of a committee is said to be on it.
get her in trouble : Trouble is one of the conditions which we may be said to be in. We may also get into trouble or get others into it, as here, though into is not used before all names of conditions which take in..
when I saw your mother : See may be used in the special sense of 'see and talk with, meet socially.' Compare this example with come and see me, at the end of this Step. Come (go) and see is a fixed phrase meaning 'visit.'
about the bad food : About here means 'concerning, in connection with.' This is an important expansion.
in the end == eventually.
a sweet girl : The sense of sweet here is 'pleasant, attractive.'
a very high opinion of her : The thing concerning which one has an opinion may be pointed to by either of or about. When opinion is followed by of, it generally has the sense of 'estimate, judgment.' -- Anything which is great in degree or amount is regarded as being high (on a scale) and anything which is small in degree or amount as low (on a scale). Prices, for example (see below), may be talked of as high or low.
I gave a high price for these stockings : Note this important use of for in the sense of 'in exchange for.'
have a look at : With look and certain other words that will be noted later, at is used where one might expect to.
this morning : } Note that this is used with morning to indicate 'the morning of today'
tonight :         } but not with night, which forms the compound tonight.
go on : On is used adverbially after go, get, keep, and other appropriate words in the sense of 'forward, farther' or to give the idea of progress or continuation.
good for me == beneficial to me.
letters == epistles. A letter in this sense is composed of letters in the root sense (that is, letters of the alphabet).
have another talk : Have is the operator used with talk.
EXERCISES
1 . This picture illustrates three things that are low. What are they ?
2 . Describe the different expression pictured below.

		
3. Fill in the blanks :
(a)  Who is _____ the school committee ?

(b)  Has he much interest _____ new ideas ?

(c)  She has no hope _____ seeing him again.

(d)  They came _____ from town last week and they will go _____ to town again tonight.

(e)  I had a look _____ the picture and my opinion _____ it is not good.

(f)  If you do not _____ _____ sleep quickly you will be tired in the morning.


4 .  Each of the words in black print has another sense. 
Illustrate these second senses in sentences.
	(a)  The table is against the opposite wall.
	(b)  There are seats about the table.
	(c)  The fruit is not sweet.
	(d)  She gave a cry of surprise.
	(e)  The cards are with the paper.
	(f)  The letter  'O' is round.

5 .  Translate into Basic :
	
Teacher Link

6 . Answer in Basic :
	(a) What kept me awake ? 
	(b) What was against me ?
	(c) Why did I get into a quiet part of the train ? 
	(d) What was a change for the first woman ?
	(e) When does the friend come up to town ?
	(f) What does the mother of the friend do ?  
	(g) Give an account of the things which the friend got in the stores.  
	(h) Where was her ticket ?

< Step 15     Contents     |Terada|     Step 17 >